『壹』 国际贸易对生活的影响 作文
在向信息经济世界的转变过程中，传统商务由于存在太多的弊端，已经不能胜任现时条件下的贸易环境。电子商务作为因特网技术发展日益成熟的直接结果，是未来商业发展的新方向。
电子商务（Electronic Commence）是一种以电子数据交换EDI和Internet网上交易为主要内容的全新商务模式。其体现的开放性、全球性、地域性、低成本和高效率等内在特征，在符合商业经济内在要求的同时，还使其超越了作为一种新的贸易形式所具有的价值。它不仅改变了企业本身的生产、经营、管理，而且对传统的贸易方式带来冲击。其最明显的标志就是增加了贸易机会、降低贸易成本、提高贸易效益。在带动经济结构变革的同时，对整个现代经济生活产生了巨大而且深远的影响。
对此，中国作为经济正在发展的贸易大国，在电子商务的挑战之下，要同时面对其带来的压力和机遇，进行自我调整，以求跟上其快速变革的步伐。要大力发展电子商务，在今后的贸易竞争中占据主动，应拿出自己的举措，以赢得和发达国家站在同一起跑线上的机会。
关键词 电子商务 数据交换 因特网 国际贸易
『贰』 关于英语国际贸易的作文或句子`
加入WTO与我国贸易制度的调整与重构 http://www.zk168.com.cn/INFO/Study/FreeThesis/EconomyManagementThesis/InternationalTrade/14371744.html 西方工业国贸易保护的历史演进和发展趋势分析 http://www.zk168.com.cn/INFO/Study/FreeThesis/EconomyManagementThesis/InternationalTrade/12082661.html 外贸乘数法的扩展与中国贸易收支的实证分析 http://www.zk168.com.cn/INFO/Study/FreeThesis/EconomyManagementThesis/InternationalTrade/14372056.html 希望对你有所帮助！！~~
『叁』 有木有外贸大神……求作文，关于支付方式的外贸函电，来函和回函，跪求，急！！！
这份来作业的要求很明确，源必须是实际写出邮件发给对方，然后对方根据你的邮件内容，再回复邮件，讨论支付方式，争取对本公司有利的付款方式。
这种类型的作业需要你具备良好的英语函电，以及良好的外贸实务的学习经历，如果你并没有学好这两门课程，你根本就无法完成作业。由别人提供的邮件当作业，根本没有任何用处，老师肯定不会给你成绩的。
『肆』 国际贸易的日语作文
我写出来翻译成日语，你慢慢抄上去好了。
我去下个日语翻译文件来，等等
工业制品の市场への无料の植民地时代の资本主义国の国に投弃し、高収益を入手して参照します。主に、最初の产业革命で、产业革命の间の2番目の会议には、最初の产业革命资本の自由の资本主义段阶の后、対外経済略夺略夺に形成し、植民地の主要原材料の市场は、植民地支配されている処理をするため、その原材料を略夺し、高収益は、市场への侵略、植民地などの手段によって行わgunboats売却し、资本主义発展の独占段阶への第二次产业革命へのを补完するものとしては、モデルの资本财生产财の输出を主な対象としての出力に1つの変化から経済的な変化の植民地侵略。国际市场の开発は现在非常に人気がある商品を频繁に投弃するのは少し违う、と呼ばれている今では安価な商品投弃され、植民地时代の投弃に高価です。
欧米の大国中国の产业と原材料の投弃は、独自の手で工场の制品は、アヘンは、欧米の大国を含むこれらの制品、またはポートに工场を建设し（非常に）ほとんどは、中国の安い労働力や原材料を活用略夺し、中国の人々の榨取。资本财の输出は1840年に1895年以前の出力は"条约"缔结の年で、输出の大半の商品があります。その本质は、植民地市场を支配することです。
『伍』 求一篇有关国际经济与贸易的英语文章!
Today, the foreign trade of the country or region's economic development is playing an increasingly important role. one country to achieve rapid economic development of economy must learn to use both international and domestic market. foreign trade, by removing the rewards of resources optimization disposition. the trade of the analysis is usually divided into of analysis and the structural analysis, the total amount is to analyze questions from the angle, and the structural analysis from the perspective of the importance of examining trade act.And structure of foreign trade is a national or regional economic development and instrial structure and commodities in international competition, in the international division of labour and international trade in a comprehensive response and commodity structure and regional structure is an important part of the structure of foreign trade. china's accession to wto in 2001, foreign trade has increased rapidly to become the united states, the two countries of the world's third largest trader, but with the rapid development of our foreign trade.The structural problems more and more manifest, for example, the commodity structure is irrational and exports remained low added value of procts. moreover, our foreign trade in merchandise trade is far greater than service trade, so the study of our foreign trade structure is a study of our proct import and export commodity structure, optimize. the article from our foreign trade structure of goods and regional structure has to start.Analysed our import and export trade, and finally made to realize the import and export of strategic goals. the article falls into five chapters, the first three chapters to focus on the development of our foreign trade and the structure of foreign trade in goods and regional structure, the fourth chapter, the introction of our foreign trade, most of the current structure of foreign trade import and export trade and development in order to achieve the strategic objective measures and export of the regrouping.
当今社会，对外贸易在国家或者地区的经济发展中扮演着越来越重要的角色。一国要获得经济快速的经济发展，必须学会利用国际国内两个市场。通过对外贸易，进行物产的互通有无，从而实现资源的优化配置。对贸易行为的分析通常分为总量分析和结构分析，总量分析是从量的角度分析问题，而结构分析更注重从质的角度考察贸易行为。而对外贸易结构是一国或地区经济技术发展水平、产业结构状况、商品国际竞争能力、在国际分工和国际贸易中的地位等的综合反映，而商品结构和区域结构是对外贸易结构的重要组成部分。中国从2001年加入WTO以来，对外贸易快速增长，以成为即美、日两国以后的世界第三大贸易国，但是随着我国对外贸易的快速发展，在结构上的问题越来越多的显现出来，例如商品结构的不合理，出口产品仍然是低附加值产品。而且，我国的对外贸易中商品贸易额远远大于服务贸易额，因此研究我国的对外贸易结构主要是研究我国的商品进出口贸易，达到商品结构的优化。本文将从我国对外贸易结构中的商品结构和区域结构入手，来分析我国的进出口贸易，最后提出为了实现进出口贸易战略目标的措施。全文分为五章，前三章主要讲我国对外贸易的发展现状和对外贸易结构中的商品结构和区域结构的分析,第四章讲,我国在引入外资时对我国进出口贸易的影响,最针对当前的对外贸易结构,提出进出口贸易发展中为了实现战略目标的措施和出口商品的优化措施。
『陆』 求2~3篇的关于国际贸易的英文文章~~谢谢
International trade is the exchange of capital, goods and services across international boundaries or territories.[1] In most countries, it represents a significant share of GDP. While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. Instrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system. Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization. International trade is a major source of economic revenue for any nation that is considered a world power. Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services proced within their own borders.
International trade is in principle not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade does not change fundamentally depending on whether trade is across a border or not. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs e to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or a different culture.
Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of proction such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of proction. Then trade in good and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of proction. Instead of importing the factor of proction a country can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of proction and are thus embodying the respective factor. An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from China. Instead of importing Chinese labor the United States is importing goods from China that were proced with Chinese labor.
International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international economics.
Models
Several different models have been proposed to predict patterns of trade and to analyze the effects of trade policies such as tariffs.
[edit] Ricardian model
Main article: Ricardian model
The Ricardian model focuses on comparative advantage and is perhaps the most important concept in international trade theory. In a Ricardian model, countries specialize in procing what they proce best. Unlike other models, the Ricardian framework predicts that countries will fully specialize instead of procing a broad array of goods. Also, the Ricardian model does not directly consider factor endowments, such as the relative amounts of labor and capital within a country.
[edit] Heckscher-Ohlin model
Main article: Heckscher-Ohlin model
The Heckscher-Ohlin model was proced as an alternative to the Ricardian model of basic comparative advantage. Despite its greater complexity it did not prove much more accurate in its predictions. However from a theoretical point of view it did provide an elegant solution by incorporating the neoclassical price mechanism into international trade theory.
The theory argues that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor endowments. It predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of locally abundant factors and will import goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce. Empirical problems with the H-O model, known as the Leontief paradox, were exposed in empirical tests by Wassily Leontief who found that the United States tended to export labor intensive goods despite having a capital abundance.
[edit] Specific factors model
In this model, labour mobility between instries is possible while capital is immobile between instries in the short-run. Thus, this model can be interpreted as a 'short run' version of the Heckscher-Ohlin model. The specific factors name refers to the given that in the short-run specific factors of proction, such as physical capital, are not easily transferable between instries. The theory suggests that if there is an increase in the price of a good, the owners of the factor of proction specific to that good will profit in real terms. Additionally, owners of opposing specific factors of proction (i.e. labour and capital) are likely to have opposing agendas when lobbying for controls over immigration of labour. Conversely, both owners of capital and labour profit in real terms from an increase in the capital endowment. This model is ideal for particular instries. This model is ideal for understanding income distribution but awkward for discussing the pattern of trade!
[edit] New Trade Theory
Main article: New Trade Theory
New Trade theory tries to explain several facts about trade, which the two main models above have difficulty with. These include the fact that most trade is between countries with similar factor endowment and proctivity levels, and the large amount of multinational proction (ie foreign direct investment) which exists. In one example of this framework, the economy exhibits monopolistic competition, and increasing returns to scale.
[edit] Gravity model
Main article: Gravity model of trade
The Gravity model of trade presents a more empirical analysis of trading patterns rather than the more theoretical models discussed above. The gravity model, in its basic form, predicts trade based on the distance between countries and the interaction of the countries' economic sizes. The model mimics the Newtonian law of gravity which also considers distance and physical size between two objects. The model has been proven to be empirically strong through econometric analysis. Other factors such as income level, diplomatic relationships between countries, and trade policies are also included in expanded versions of the model.
[edit] Regulation of international trade
Traditionally trade was regulated through bilateral treaties between two nations. For centuries under the belief in Mercantilism most nations had high tariffs and many restrictions on international trade. In the 19th century, especially in Britain, a belief in free trade became paramount. This belief became the dominant thinking among western nations since then despite the acknowledgement that adoption of the policy coincided with the general decline of Great Britain. In the years since the Second World War, controversial multilateral treaties like the GATT and World Trade Organization have attempted to create a globally regulated trade structure. These trade agreements have often resulted in protest and discontent with claims of unfair trade that is not mutually beneficial.
Free trade is usually most strongly supported by the most economically powerful nations, though they often engage in selective protectionism for those instries which are strategically important such as the protective tariffs applied to agriculture by the United States and Europe. The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were both strong advocates of free trade when they were economically dominant, today the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan are its greatest proponents. However, many other countries (such as India, China and Russia) are increasingly becoming advocates of free trade as they become more economically powerful themselves. As tariff levels fall there is also an increasing willingness to negotiate non tariff measures, including foreign direct investment, procurement and trade facilitation. The latter looks at the transaction cost associated with meeting trade and customs proceres.
Traditionally agricultural interests are usually in favour of free trade while manufacturing sectors often support protectionism. This has changed somewhat in recent years, however. In fact, agricultural lobbies, particularly in the United States, Europe and Japan, are chiefly responsible for particular rules in the major international trade treaties which allow for more protectionist measures in agriculture than for most other goods and services.
During recessions there is often strong domestic pressure to increase tariffs to protect domestic instries. This occurred around the world ring the Great Depression. Many economists have attempted to portray tariffs as the underlining reason behind the collapse in world trade that many believe seriously deepened the depression.
The regulation of international trade is done through the World Trade Organization at the global level, and through several other regional arrangements such as MERCOSUR in South America, NAFTA between the United States, Canada and Mexico, and the European Union between 27 independent states. The 2005 Buenos Aires talks on the planned establishment of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) failed largely e to opposition from the populations of Latin American nations. Similar agreements such as the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment) have also failed in recent years.
[edit] Risks in international trade
The risks that exist in international trade can be divided into two major groups
『柒』 求一篇国际贸易的作文，200字的。。。内容只要是有关国际贸易的
马克思主义、邓小平理论是我们研究社会科学的指导思想，国际贸易学科属于社会科学，因此，我们必须坚持马克思主义的立场和方法去研究国际贸易。坚持马克思主义并不是简单重复马克思说过的话，而是指运用他的立场观点和思想方法去研究问题。相当长的一个时期内，人们把苏联当年在特殊情况下用计划经济方法搞经济建设和对外贸易，看作是社会主义必须具有的形式，但邓小平却提出，计划和市场只是两种方法，社会主义和资本主义经济都能采用，并提出中国应当利用国内和国际两个市场、两种资源来建设社会主义经济，从理论上解决社会经济采用市场经济方法，以及参与国际分工和国际贸易等一系列问题。这是以邓小平为代表的中国共产党人创造性运用马克思主义方法研究国际经贸问题的典范。
具体来说，我们在国际贸易学科的研究中，应当采用的方法有以下一些：
（一）坚持历史唯物主义和辩证唯物主义
由马克思所揭示的历史唯物主义是我们研究一切社会科学的锐利思想武器。是一定的生产力发展水平制约着人们的意识形态和上层建筑，人们对国际经贸活动规律的认识离不开一定的生产力发展水平的制约。从生产方式所包括的生产力和生产关系两个方面来说，生产力起决定作用的因素。国际贸易作为商品交换关系的一部分，体现了各国的生产关系，这种关系发展水平归根到底是由生产力发展水平来决定的。
当然我们不能机械地理解和运用马克思主义的历史唯物主义。强调生产力的决定作用并不妨碍我们承认上层建筑对经济基础的反作用，以及生产关系对生产力发展的重要作用。任何机械地、片面地理解历史唯物主义只会导致国际贸易研究走入岐途。
（二）遵循历史与逻辑统一的原则
马克思主义认为经济学是一门历史的科学，应当从经济发展的历史中，寻找和发现其中的规律。如果说自然科学可以采用显微镜和化学试剂去揭示物体的特征，那么在经济学中只能运用抽象的方法，从经济发展的历史和现实中提炼出规律性的东西。历史和逻辑的辩证统一是我们研究包括国际贸易在内的经济理论的方法论基础。离开对大量经济现象的抽象分析去谈国际贸易的规律是没有意义的。而从历史和现实材料中抽象出来的规律能够使我们更主动积极和高效率地去发展对外贸易和社会主义经济。事实上，各国的历史与现实会有很大的差异，从中抽象出适用于一切国家和一切时期的经济规律不会很多，需要我们化更多功夫的是应当从不同国家的历史和现实中寻找出适用于各种不同环境条件的规律，这对于我们建设社会主义市场经济更显得重要。
（三）理论与实践相结合的方法
理论是实践经验的总结和提炼，而实践又是是对理论进行检验的唯一标准。只有经过实践检验证明是正确的理论，才能对人们的实践起指导作用。我们之所以要研究国际贸易，就是为了指导我们的实践。我们应当消除那么种陈腐的观念，似乎存在着一种不需要经过实践证明的“先验的真理”，其他一切观点和理论是否正确就看它们是否符合这种先验的真理，我国在社会主义建设问题上，有相当一段时期内就是受到这种教条主义的束缚。那时期判断一种观点是否正确，就看它是否符合革命导师说过的话。把革命导师根据他们那时候实践总结出来的理论观点，把他们写的书本作为检验真理的标准。直到改革开放以后，我国的思想理论界通过“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”的大讨论，才从这种“左”的教条主义中解放出来。以邓小平为代表的党的第二代领导，依据中外社会主义革命和建设的历史经验，以及现实环境，果断地作出改革开放的决策，走社会主义市场经济的道路，使我国经济建设获得了举世瞩目的高速增长。诚然，实践是不断发展的，环境也在不断变化，因此，理论也应当随着实践而不断发展。
『捌』 关于我的作文400字外贸特点眼睛兴趣爱好
我是一个很普通的女孩，但在他们眼里我有些不一般。
我的外表不好看，但还对得起观众，同学说初次看一般，但是越看越好看，他们说这叫“耐看”。而我也不在意我的外貌，所以我的穿着也很普通，休闲或运动装，通常是全身白色，包括鞋袜。
我是个农村长大的孩子，小时侯爸妈不在身边。记忆里没有清晰的事件，但我记得那时常被其他小孩会欺负的感觉。我是和爷爷一起生活，爷爷是个知识分子，所以我即使被人欺负，爷爷也总只会告诉我要隐忍和包容。可是我觉得很委屈，想他们为什么可以告诉爸妈，要爸妈护着，而我却不能。我觉得他们很可怕，他们会很大声地喊我“野种”，而我每次都只会哭
我开始畏惧人，开始恨我的爸妈，我想不明白为什么我不可以像他们一样。我因为畏惧人而尽量避开人，即使在路上遇见认识的邻居我也不会打招呼，只顾低头往前走。所以直到现在，邻居总还是会说小时候的我很不懂礼貌。而我也从未向任何人解释过那时是因为害怕。小时侯的我便这样慢慢变得孤僻、胆小，记得小学时第一次被老师叫起来回答问题，我刚开口眼泪便掉下来了，同学都在笑，那时我觉得他们更加可怕。自从那以后每次老师叫我回答问题，不管我知道不知道，我都是一直站着沉默，这种状态到初二才改变。但我依然容易哭泣。
『玖』 求一篇与国际贸易相关的英文文章
国际贸易International trade is the exchange of capital, goods and services across international boundaries or territories.[1] In most countries, it represents a significant share of GDP. While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. Instrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system. Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization. International trade is a major source of economic revenue for any nation that is considered a world power. Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services proced within their own borders.
International trade is in principle not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade does not change fundamentally depending on whether trade is across a border or not. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs e to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or a different culture.
Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of proction such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of proction. Then trade in good and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of proction. Instead of importing the factor of proction a country can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of proction and are thus embodying the respective factor. An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from China. Instead of importing Chinese labor the United States is importing goods from China that were proced with Chinese labor.
International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international economics.
Models
Several different models have been proposed to predict patterns of trade and to analyze the effects of trade policies such as tariffs.
[edit] Ricardian model
Main article: Ricardian model
The Ricardian model focuses on comparative advantage and is perhaps the most important concept in international trade theory. In a Ricardian model, countries specialize in procing what they proce best. Unlike other models, the Ricardian framework predicts that countries will fully specialize instead of procing a broad array of goods. Also, the Ricardian model does not directly consider factor endowments, such as the relative amounts of labor and capital within a country.
[edit] Heckscher-Ohlin model
Main article: Heckscher-Ohlin model
The Heckscher-Ohlin model was proced as an alternative to the Ricardian model of basic comparative advantage. Despite its greater complexity it did not prove much more accurate in its predictions. However from a theoretical point of view it did provide an elegant solution by incorporating the neoclassical price mechanism into international trade theory.
The theory argues that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor endowments. It predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of locally abundant factors and will import goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce. Empirical problems with the H-O model, known as the Leontief paradox, were exposed in empirical tests by Wassily Leontief who found that the United States tended to export labor intensive goods despite having a capital abundance.
[edit] Specific factors model
In this model, labour mobility between instries is possible while capital is immobile between instries in the short-run. Thus, this model can be interpreted as a 'short run' version of the Heckscher-Ohlin model. The specific factors name refers to the given that in the short-run specific factors of proction, such as physical capital, are not easily transferable between instries. The theory suggests that if there is an increase in the price of a good, the owners of the factor of proction specific to that good will profit in real terms. Additionally, owners of opposing specific factors of proction (i.e. labour and capital) are likely to have opposing agendas when lobbying for controls over immigration of labour. Conversely, both owners of capital and labour profit in real terms from an increase in the capital endowment. This model is ideal for particular instries. This model is ideal for understanding income distribution but awkward for discussing the pattern of trade!
[edit] New Trade Theory
Main article: New Trade Theory
New Trade theory tries to explain several facts about trade, which the two main models above have difficulty with. These include the fact that most trade is between countries with similar factor endowment and proctivity levels, and the large amount of multinational proction (ie foreign direct investment) which exists. In one example of this framework, the economy exhibits monopolistic competition, and increasing returns to scale.
[edit] Gravity model
Main article: Gravity model of trade
The Gravity model of trade presents a more empirical analysis of trading patterns rather than the more theoretical models discussed above. The gravity model, in its basic form, predicts trade based on the distance between countries and the interaction of the countries' economic sizes. The model mimics the Newtonian law of gravity which also considers distance and physical size between two objects. The model has been proven to be empirically strong through econometric analysis. Other factors such as income level, diplomatic relationships between countries, and trade policies are also included in expanded versions of the model.
[edit] Regulation of international trade
Traditionally trade was regulated through bilateral treaties between two nations. For centuries under the belief in Mercantilism most nations had high tariffs and many restrictions on international trade. In the 19th century, especially in Britain, a belief in free trade became paramount. This belief became the dominant thinking among western nations since then despite the acknowledgement that adoption of the policy coincided with the general decline of Great Britain. In the years since the Second World War, controversial multilateral treaties like the GATT and World Trade Organization have attempted to create a globally regulated trade structure. These trade agreements have often resulted in protest and discontent with claims of unfair trade that is not mutually beneficial.
Free trade is usually most strongly supported by the most economically powerful nations, though they often engage in selective protectionism for those instries which are strategically important such as the protective tariffs applied to agriculture by the United States and Europe. The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were both strong advocates of free trade when they were economically dominant, today the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan are its greatest proponents. However, many other countries (such as India, China and Russia) are increasingly becoming advocates of free trade as they become more economically powerful themselves. As tariff levels fall there is also an increasing willingness to negotiate non tariff measures, including foreign direct investment, procurement and trade facilitation. The latter looks at the transaction cost associated with meeting trade and customs proceres.
Traditionally agricultural interests are usually in favour of free trade while manufacturing sectors often support protectionism. This has changed somewhat in recent years, however. In fact, agricultural lobbies, particularly in the United States, Europe and Japan, are chiefly responsible for particular rules in the major international trade treaties which allow for more protectionist measures in agriculture than for most other goods and services.
During recessions there is often strong domestic pressure to increase tariffs to protect domestic instries. This occurred around the world ring the Great Depression. Many economists have attempted to portray tariffs as the underlining reason behind the collapse in world trade that many believe seriously deepened the depression.
The regulation of international trade is done through the World Trade Organization at the global level, and through several other regional arrangements such as MERCOSUR in South America, NAFTA between the United States, Canada and Mexico, and the European Union between 27 independent states. The 2005 Buenos Aires talks on the planned establishment of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) failed largely e to opposition from the populations of Latin American nations. Similar agreements such as the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment) have also failed in recent years.
[edit] Risks in international trade
The risks that exist in international trade can be divided into two major groups
[edit] Economic risks
Risk of insolvency of the buyer,
Risk of protracted default - the failure of the buyer to pay the amount e within six months after the e date
Risk of non-acceptance
Surrendering economic sovereignty
Risk of Exchange rate
[edit] Political risks
Risk of cancellation or non-renewal of export or import licences
War risks
Risk of expropriation or confiscation of the importer's company
Risk of the imposition of an import ban after the shipment of the goods
Transfer risk - imposition of exchange controls by the importer's country or foreign currency shortages
Surrendering political sovereignty
Influence of political parties in importer's company