㈠ 给我一篇国际服务贸易的外文翻译吧，可以是已经出版的有外文翻译过来的期刊 专著…… 万分感谢
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㈡ 对外贸易的英文文献 及翻译
我国服务贸易发展的现状与对策
摘要：服务贸易正逐渐成为全球经济竞争的重点。加入WTO以后,我国服务贸易获得了一定的发展,但也存在着一些问题。只有制定有效的措施，才能推动我国服务贸易的发展。
关键词：服务贸易；现状；对策
上世纪末以来，全球经济竞争的重点正从货物贸易转向服务贸易，服务业发达的程度成为衡量现代化水平的重要标志。目前，我国已进入全面建设小康社会的发展阶段，必须大力发展服务业，并把扩大服务业领域的对外开放作为我国更广泛地参与国际竞争、融入经济全球化的重要内容。
一、我国服务贸易的发展现状
近年来，我国服务业实现了持续、稳定、健康发展，服务业的发展促进了服务贸易的增长。1989年我国的服务贸易进出口总额在全世界名列第30位，2000年上升到第12位。但是，由于我国服务贸易起点低、基础差，与发达国家相比仍有很大差距，主要表现在：
1、服务贸易整体水平差
我国服务业总量不足，在国民经济中比重偏低。2001年我国服务业增加值32254亿元，占GDP的比重为33. 6％。与中等收入国家的46%—56%、高收入国家的59％—65%相比，还有很大的差距。服务业落后使我国服务贸易的发展受到很大的制约。2002年我国服务贸易总额为660亿美元，占全球服务贸易总额的2.3％。而同期美国服务贸易总额占全球的16.5％，是我国的7倍多。从总体上看，除旅游等少数行业外，多数服务贸易领域处于逆差状态。加入WTO后，服务贸易逆差有可能进一步扩大．
2、服务贸易内部结构不合理
1995—2002年，我国服务出口总额中，旅游服务一直居于首位，其比重由27. 6％升至36. 5％：金融服务所占比重一直在19％左右；运输服务的比重有所下降，由27. 1％降为19%。而以信息技术为基础的新兴服务业则是明显的弱项，1995年这类产业在服务进口额中所占比重为22. 9％，2001年剧增为52. 4%，是使我国服务贸易逆差日益增大的重要因素。
3、服务贸易管理滞后
由于服务业是由许多相关行业组成的产业群，国际服务贸易涉及的行业范围极广，国际社会要求一国对其国内的服务业进行整体协调和管理。目前，我国对外服务贸易管理体制存在许多缺陷，如中央与地方在服务业对外贸易政策和规章方面还存在一定的差别，服务业多头管理、政出多门甚至相互掣肘的问题还没有完全解决，服务业的统计也不规范，行业标准等方面有许多不符合国际惯例。
4、服务贸易立法不健全
长期以来，我国服务贸易立法严重滞后，虽然近年颁布了《商业银行法》、《保险法》、《海商法》等，但与服务贸易广泛的内涵和国际服务贸易发展的要求相比还存在许多不足。目前我国尚没有一个关于服务业的一般性法律，已有的规定主要表现为各职能部门的规章和内部文件，不仅立法层次较低，而且缺乏协调，从而影响了我国服务贸易立法的统一性和透明度。
二、加入WTO对我国服务贸易的影响
我国加入WTO后，服务业市场将在原有的基础上进一步扩大对外开放，这将对我国服务贸易的发展带来深刻的影响。
1、服务贸易市场化进程进一步加快
放宽限制、开放市场是服务贸易发展的关键。加入WTO，部分服务行业的市场准入，将不再仅仅受国内有关部门的控制，而是要执行我国政府对世贸组织的承诺，这将有利于打破国内部分行业的垄断局面，有利于国内行业学习国外先进的经验，使其提高服务质量和水平，进一步推动我国服务业的发展和国际竞争力的提高。
2、有利于改善我国的投资环境
投资环境不仅仅体现于公路、通信、电力供应等硬件的好坏，越来越多地体现于金融、分销、专业服务等生产性服务的完备与质量等方面。我国服务业总体上落后，而生产性服务更为落后，这正是外国投资者看中我国市场的重要原因。服务业的对外开旅，将吸引更多的外资进入我国服务业，这将有力地促进服务业，特别是生产性服务业的快速发展，改善我国投资的软环境，进而带动国内整个经济的发展。
3、有利于引入新的服务种类
我国服务业的落后，在很大程度上表现为服务种类、品种的缺乏，许多服务领域需要填补“国内空白”。在世界贸易组织划分的143个行业中，我国商业化的税务服务、民意测验服务、信用查询等行业，基本上处于空白状态。在许多行业，具体的服务领域、服务品种还存在大量空白。服务市场的开放和外资的进入，将在相当程度上弥补我国服务业发展中的各种空白，满足国内经济发展和人民生活的各种需要。
4、有利于在更深层次上参与世界经济结构的调整
在经济全球化趋势的推动下，全球服务业也在酝酿着世界范围的调整。加入WTO，有利于我国借发达国家向海外转移劳动密集型、资本密集型服务业之机，吸引外国投资，改善我国服务业的内部结构；也有利于我国服务提供者进入国际市场，实施“走出去”战略，扩大服务贸易出口。
三、增强我国服务贸易竞争力的主要措施
1、优化服务行业结构
大力发展现代服务业，重点发展信息、科技、咨询、法律等行业，带动服务业整体水平提高。积极发展新兴服务业，如房地产、物业管理、旅游、教育培训、文化体育等，形成新的经济增长点。改组改造传统产业，运用现代经营方式和服务技术，着重改造商贸流通、交通运输、餐饮等行业，提高技术水平和经营效率。
2、放宽服务业市场准入
改变部分行业垄断经营严重、市场准入限制过严的状况，按市场主体资质和服务标准，逐步形成公开透明、管理规范的市场准入制度。加快垄断行业管理体制的改革，放宽部分行业市场准入的资质条件，鼓励非国有经济在更广泛的领域参与服务业发展。还要改革市场准入的行政审批制度，减少行政审批项目。
3、多渠道增加服务业投入
中央和地方各级政府，都要适当安排一定数量的投资，作为加快发展服务业的引导资金，主要用于国家鼓励的服务业建设项目的贴息或补助，以更多地吸引银行信贷资金和社会投入。银行要在独立审贷的基础上积极向符合贷款条件的服务业企业及其建设项目发放贷款．鼓励符合条件的服务业企业进入资本市场融资。
4、加强对服务业的组织领导
进一步转变观念，统一思想，提高认识，把服务业摆到与农业、工业同等重要的位置。各级政府要切实履行职责，为加快发展服务业创造良好的环境。制定和完善规范服务业市场主体行为和市场秩序的法律法规，为服务业发展提供法律保障。
China's service trade development and Countermeasures
Abstract: Trade in services is becoming the focus of global economic competition. Join the WTO, China's service trade was a certain amount of development, but there are some problems. Only the development of effective measures to promote China's service trade development.
Keywords: services trade; the status quo; Strategy
Since the end of last century, global economic competition is the focus shift from trade in services trade in goods, services advanced degree to become an important symbol to measure the level of modernization. At present, China has entered the development stage of building a moderately prosperous society, we must vigorously develop the service instry, and to expand services to the outside world as China's greater participation in international competition, an important part of integration into economic globalization.
I. Development of China's service trade
In recent years, China's service instry to achieve sustained, stable and healthy development of service instries to promote the growth of trade in services. 1989, China's service trade import and export volume in the world ranked 30, 2000 increased to 12. However, e to the low level of trade in services, infrastructure is poor, there is still a big gap compared with developed countries, mainly in:
1, the overall level of trade in services poor
My total lack of services, the low proportion in the national economy. In 2001 the added value of 3.2254 trillion yuan of Service, the proportion of GDP, is 33.6%. And middle-income countries, 46% -56%, high-income countries compared to 59% -65%, there is a great difference. Services behind the development of our country trade in services under great constraints. China's service trade in 2002 totaled 66 billion U.S. dollars, accounting for global service trade volume of 2.3%. The same period, total U.S. trade in services accounted for 16.5% of the world is China's 7 percent. Overall, in addition to tourism and a few instries, most trade in services in a deficit state. Join the WTO, the service trade deficit may be further expanded.
2, the internal structure of trade in services is unreasonable
1995-2002, China's total exports of services, tourism services has been at the top, its share from the 27.6 percent rise to 36.5 percent: the proportion of financial services have been around 19%; decline in the proportion of transportation services, by the 27.1% reced 19%. The information technology-based emerging service instries is obvious weaknesses in the service of this instry in 1995, the proportion of imports to 22.9 percent in 2001 soared to 52.4 percent, making China's service trade an important factor in the increasing deficit.
3, management of trade in services lagged
As the service sector is composed of many related instries instry groups, instries involved in international trade in services scope, the international community requires a State to carry out their domestic services sector overall coordination and management. At present, China's foreign trade in services management system has many defects, such as central and local foreign trade policy and regulations in the service sector there are still some differences, long service management, and those policies or issues of mutual constraints has not been fully resolved, Services statistics are not norms, instry standards and so many do not comply with international practice.
4, trade in services legislation is not perfect
Over the years, lagged far behind China's service trade legislation, although enacted in recent years, "Commercial Bank Law", "Insurance Law", "Maritime" and so on, but a wide range of content and services, trade and development requirements of international trade in services, there are many less than . At present, China still does not have a general law on the service have been the main performance of the provisions of the regulations for the various functional departments and internal documents, not only the legislation is quite low, and the lack of coordination, which affects the unity of China's service trade legislation and transparency.
Second, join the WTO impact on China Trade in Services
China's accession to WTO, the services market will further expand the basis of the original opening, which will bring China's service trade development profound impact.
1, the service trade market to further accelerate the process of
Deregulation, open markets are key to the development of trade in services. Join the WTO, market access in some service sectors, will not only control by the domestic authorities, but to the implementation of our government's commitment to the WTO, which will help break the monopoly of some domestic instries, is concive to the domestic instry learn foreign advanced experience, to improve service quality and level of services in China to further promote the development and improvement of international competitiveness.
2, will help to improve the investment environment in China
Investment environment is not only reflected in the road, communication, power supply and other hardware is good or bad, more and more reflected in the financial, distribution, professional services and other proction services such as the completeness and quality. China's service sector generally backward, more backward, procer services, which is Chinese and foreign investors, an important reason for our market. Services of opening travel, will attract more foreign capital into the services sector, which will effectively promote the service sector, in particular the rapid development of procer services, improve the soft investment environment in China, in order to stimulate the development of the domestic economy as a whole.
3, will help introce new types of services
Behind our services to a large extent the performance of the types of services, lack of variety, many services need to fill "the gaps." Division of the World Trade Organization's 143 instries, our commercial tax services, poll services, credit inquiries, etc., is basically a blank. In many instries, specific services, there are still large gaps in service varieties. Service market opening and entry of foreign capital, will make up a considerable extent, the various gaps in the service instry to meet the domestic economic development and people's living needs.
4, is concive to a deeper level the restructuring of the world economy
The promotion of economic globalization, global services are brewing around the world adjusted. Join the WTO, will help China to shift to overseas countries by labor-intensive, capital-intensive service instry the opportunity to attract foreign investment, improve the internal structure of our services; also help our service providers to enter the international market, "going out "strategy to expand trade in services exports.
Third, enhance the competitiveness of China's service trade, the main measures
1, optimization services instry structure
Vigorously develop modern services sector, focusing on the development of information, technology, consulting, legal and other instries to bring the overall level of service increase. Actively develop new service instries, such as real estate, property management, tourism, ecation and training, culture, sports, etc. to form a new economic growth point. Reorganization of the transformation of traditional instries, the use of modern management methods and services technology, focusing on transforming flow of commerce, transportation, catering and other instries, technological level and operational efficiency.
2, relaxation of market access for services
Monopoly in some sectors to change the serious, too restrictive market access conditions, the main qualification to market and service standards, and graally form an open and transparent and standardized management of the market access system. Accelerate the reform of management system of monopoly instries, relax qualifications in some sectors market access conditions, encouraging non-state participation in the broader field of service instry. Market access, reform of administrative approval system, rece administrative examination and approval.
3, multi-channel input to increase services
Central and local levels of government, appropriate arrangements should be a number of investment as a guide to speed up the development of the service sector, mainly for the service sector construction projects encouraged by the state as discount or subsidy to attract more bank credit funds and social input. Censoring banks in the basis of independent active service to meet the loan conditions of loans to enterprises and their projects. Encourage qualified enterprises to enter the capital market financing services.
4, to strengthen organization and leadership services
Further change the concept of unity of thinking, raise awareness, the service placed with agriculture, instry, equally important position. Governments at all levels must perform their ties, in order to accelerate the development of services to create a good environment. Develop and improve the standard of the main services market behavior and market order, laws and regulations to provide legal protection for the service instry.
㈢ 外贸文献 中英翻译
However, exports to China's economic growth and the positive effects of the imagination of people not as big. 20 reform and opening up nearly 10 percent of the rapid economic growth, play a leading role is not foreign trade and exports, the main contribution should always work in terms of domestic market demand. Before the Asian financial crisis, China's domestic investment demand and consumer demand are great, so several times a national economy "overheating", for which the central government had to use the abuse of administrative, economic and legal comprehensive means to limit the scale of investment and Consumer groups, economic overheating "cool." It is this huge domestic market and expansion of China's rapid economic growth has played a major and crucial role in foreign trade and exports is the role played by the indirect, is only to provide fuel economic growth, instead of "engine."
Although the expansion of export trade to China's economic growth played a certain role in stimulating, but its negative effects have graally emerged, and paid a very high price.
First, as exports continue to expand the scale of China's economy is dependent on external deepened (throughout the 1990s before the nine-year total imports and exports to GDP ratio of more than 30 percent in some years reached 43.6%) . As a result of a result: the second half of 1997 when the Asian financial crisis suddenly fell, the rapid decline of economic growth in Asia, China's foreign trade growth also fell, the total import and export volume in 1998 compared with the previous year had a negative growth, exports Only a slight increase in the growth rate dropped substantially, resulting in China's economic growth rate of decline in the trend line for three consecutive years running, the GDP growth rate in 1997 was 8.8 percent in 1998, 7.8 percent in 1999, is expected to about 7.1% , The trend of declining year by year. It must be pointed out that in the Asian financial crisis struck, China's economic growth and foreign trade is not the same substantial drop, not a phenomenon of Southeast Asian countries and South Korea, the same rapid decline, because China's huge domestic market support Results.
Secondly, the international market because of the limited, as well as countries in the world trade protection of universality, some of China's instries and procts such as clothing, footwear, textile exports have been largely limited scale, resulting in a massive backlog of inventory, ordered by the Central Government to , Minimizing the scale of proction, such as the limited number of spindles of cotton textile proction is one example, to a certain extent, related to damage China's light instry development. At the same time, some countries or international organizations such as the European Union and North America and other developed countries frequently used anti-mping and other means to limit the access of China's labor-intensive procts, and these countries increased trade friction.
Again, and is similar to other large developing country, China's regional imbalance in economic development greater extent, the eastern part of a higher level of development, particularly in central and western regions is a relatively low level of development of the western region. Reform and opening up 20 years in national economic development and made remarkable achievements at the same time, China's regional economic disparities and residents in the expanding gap between rich and poor, tend to exacerbate economic ality. The emergence of this situation, of course, are many reasons, but the export trade to encourage and promote export-oriented model in which played a role in adding fuel to the flames.
China's strong economic base in eastern coastal areas, advanced proction technology, scientific and technological level of higher ecation, labor quality better developed financial sector and capital more abundant, strong technological innovation capability, a higher degree of market economy, since reform and opening up the enjoyment of Many of the countries under the preferential policies, but the energy, mineral and land resources relative shortage. The central and western regions of the district intelligence and the eastern region compared to the contrary, in addition to energy rich mineral resources, vast land area, the low quality of the labor force more affluent, the other aspects such as economic development level, culture, ecation technology, labor quality and availability of funds , The ability of technological innovation, economic development in the market, have fallen far behind the eastern region. Geographical division of the economic situation is: the eastern region is a major proction and export of finished, and deep processing of additional high-value procts, while the central and western regions is the major proction and export of natural resources and primary processed procts.
China's reform and opening up the initial structure of export commodities are agricultural and pastoral procts and processed procts mainly in primary instries, the proportion of finished procts do not. During this period the central and western regions larger proportion of exports, also benefit from more. However, export-oriented model of the finished procts instead of primary commodities for export purposes and objectives of the state's policy to encourage the exports of manufactures is to stimulate exports, restrictions on the export of primary commodities, such as the Export-Import Bank of China is dedicated to the Electrical and Mechanical and complete sets of equipment The export of capital goods, such as providing loans and risk guarantees and the establishment of the. At the national foreign trade policy-inced, China's export commodity structure fundamental changes have taken place from the previous mainly primary procts, manufactured goods for the shop, for now the change mainly to manufactured goods, primary goods, supplemented by. From the macro interests of the national economy in terms of national policy to encourage export of such understandable, but the specific area of interest to the formation of the Kule uneven situation, because the proction of manufactures in the eastern region of the advantages of the project, the state export-oriented policy As a result of the eastern region's exports and its profit ratio increased, the central and western regions and its profit ratio of foreign trade and exports declined. As shown in Table 1, 1998 the eastern part of import and export volume and export volume in both the proportion of more than 90 percent, in the western region is less than 10 percent of the total.
Figure plans) (
Should It is noteworthy that the eastern region because of its own with the special advantages and market-oriented reform and opening up an earlier time, but its extent greater, faster progress, has attracted foreign capital and advanced technology into large-scale, foreign Actual direct investment accounted for the vast majority of the country (see table 2), which enhance the economic strength of the east, raising its technical level and the level of proction of manufactured goods more obvious advantages for export-oriented model of manufactured exports The encouragement of the eastern part of the export scale and a growing proportion, also benefit from greater and is concive to the formation of the eastern part of a virtuous circle: → manufactured exports increased foreign exchange earnings, introcing advanced foreign technology and capital → enhance regional economic strength, → manufactures innovative technology development → manufactured exports expanded. The central and western regions are exactly the opposite, in the role of export-oriented mode of foreign trade and export of increasingly narrow, benefit from more and more small. This is in fact the eastern region and promote the economic gap between the central and western regions to expand and intensify its regional economic ality.
Figure plans) (
In neo-classical growth model, Solow (solow) has a well-known conclusion that the elements of the returns to scale, but the input is diminishing marginal utility, which could lead to long-term economic growth rate and the level of negative economic Start Related, and possibly different regions, between economic growth rate tends to convergence results. In 1952-1995, up from 44 in the development of China's long-term returns to scale and there is diminishing marginal utility, but the overall rate of economic growth and economic level and there was no obvious negative correlation between the regional economy not More convergence and integration, but in the eastern, central, and western economic zone within three Solow growth model showing a special phenomenon, namely the eastern, central and western regions in accordance with their different "trajectory center" development, three Zone within the provinces, cities, districts tend to convergence and economic development consistent correlation between economic zone but do not. This phenomenon is the emergence of reform and opening up after the beginning of the 1980s, the most convincing explanation is: foreign trade and exports to the implementation of the policy to encourage the eastern region more involved in the international economic cycle and embarked on a completely different In the central and western regions of the road to development.
Along with the eastern and western regions of the economic gap between the al nature of economic expansion and intensification of its households per capita income gap has widened accordingly. From 1985-1995, although the various provinces, cities, districts have per capita incomes in absolute terms has greatly improved, increasing from 2.66 times to 5.50 times the range, but the relative level (for references to the country) The changes are showing a completely different trend, in addition to the eastern part of Liaoning Province, all other provinces, cities and districts of the relative levels of per capita income have increased, the performance of their relative levels of value for now, while the central and western provinces and autonomous regions in per capita The relative level of all income decreased trend, and its performance relative changes in the level of a negative value. 1985 per capita income in Shanghai is the largest per capita income of Gansu Province, the smallest of 2.96 times that of 1995 expanded to 4.75 times. According to World Bank estimates, China's Gini coefficient of 0.30 from 1984 up to 1995's 0.415, the data provided by the United Nations Development Programme is 0.45. China has become the world's larger gap between rich and poor countries.
Thus, a comprehensive export-oriented economic development model in China's practice is not very successful, although the economic development it has a stimulating effect, but the negative impact is quite big.
In general, less to the dense population in the small country (region) in the implementation of a period of import substitution policies, the level of economic development up to a certain extent, to the country's export-oriented economic development model is appropriate, that practice will be successful. However, as China is a large population, vast developing country and should not be one-sided emphasis on the full implementation of export-oriented model and export-oriented economic strategy, as its own huge domestic market, and economic development must be primarily based on domestic, it is not necessary and can not Qugao the overall strategy of export-oriented, but also big developing countries are usually the region's economic development is very uneven, and its own comparative advantages and characteristics very different and therefore all regions of the mode of development can not simply apply the export-oriented model. However, this is not the opening to the outside world will not, not not to encourage exports, but should take all effective means to encourage and foster the development of export enterprises and the regional conditions to develop export-oriented economy, that is, export-oriented development strategy To actively and steadily increase in China's economic "outward-looking" elements.
So, China should not only encourage exports, expanding opening up, but also to developing the national economy, based on the domestic market demand, which are the "degree" how to » Location in the mode of foreign trade strategy where appropriate » The answer is: inward-looking open economy, that is, on the whole the "import substitution" graal and partial "export-oriented" strategy of combining foreign trade. This strategic model according to the Chinese market potential, rich resources relative to the characteristics of the main based on domestic resources development and explore the domestic market, continue to improve and strengthen the economic cycle, will expand domestic demand as the main driver of economic development, while positive foreign Away, the use of all possible conditions for expansion of foreign trade and exports, the development of export-oriented economy. The significance of expanding foreign trade and exports is not how much occupied in the international market, not to a major market demand in foreign countries, but to earn foreign exchange through the introction of advanced technology, equipment and personnel, and maintain a certain balance in foreign exchange savings , Through the expansion of foreign economic exchange, learn and master new knowledge and access to new things and new concepts, constantly expanding the economic cycle, and improve the economic cycle within the scope, quality and level, through economic, outside the circle of each other and promote national Rapid sustained and stable economic development.
㈣ 求国际贸易类 英文文献及翻译一篇,5000字左右
一、电子商务对国际贸易的影响1
（一） 电子商务的内涵与特点1
（二） 电子商务对国际贸易的影响6
二、中国发展电子商务的现状及存在的问题11
（一）我国电子商务的发展现状11
（二） 存在的问题12
（三） 中国对外贸易的重新定位15
三、中国利用电子商务促进对外贸易的策略17
（一） 电子商务在出口贸易中的效益体现17
（二）开拓新的国际市场要求发展无纸贸易17
（三）迎接挑战的对策19
结论23
致谢24
参考文献25
附录一26
附录二31
摘 要
在向信息经济世界的转变过程中，传统商务由于存在太多的弊端，已经不能胜任现时条件下的贸易环境。电子商务作为因特网技术发展日益成熟的直接结果，是未来商业发展的新方向。
电子商务（Electronic Commence）是一种以电子数据交换EDI和Internet网上交易为主要内容的全新商务模式。其体现的开放性、全球性、地域性、低成本和高效率等内在特征，在符合商业经济内在要求的同时，还使其超越了作为一种新的贸易形式所具有的价值。它不仅改变了企业本身的生产、经营、管理，而且对传统的贸易方式带来冲击。其最明显的标志就是增加了贸易机会、降低贸易成本、提高贸易效益。在带动经济结构变革的同时，对整个现代经济生活产生了巨大而且深远的影响。
对此，中国作为经济正在发展的贸易大国，在电子商务的挑战之下，要同时面对其带来的压力和机遇，进行自我调整，以求跟上其快速变革的步伐。要大力发展电子商务，在今后的贸易竞争中占据主动，应拿出自己的举措，以赢得和发达国家站在同一起跑线上的机会。
关键词 电子商务 数据交换 因特网 国际贸易
Abstract
In the shifting to information economy, traditional commerce is out of the steps of time because of its lot shortcomings. As the direct result from the development of cyber internet technology, EC (Electronic Commerce) is the new direction of future business.
EC includes EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) and business on web. It is a definitely new business model. Its inner nature such as global, regional, low cost and high efficiency make it more valuable than its virtual value as a new business model. At the same time, it is also accord with demands from business. EC not only changes procing, management, but impact on traditional commerce model. The most obvious symbol is increase business opportunities, decrease of trading cost, and getting more business profits. It leads profound affection to the whole economic life when it changes economic structure.
China wants to be a great developing trading nation. It is necessary to act activity. We need making strategy to face EC, to face the impact, the pressure and chances in order to control our foreign business policies.
Justify by us in order to follow EC steps in developing. That is the right way for us to challenge with other developed countries.
Key word Electronic Commerce Electronic Data Interchange Internet
International trading
（三）中国对外贸易的重新定位
中国的贸易必须在世界贸易从传统贸易向国际网络贸易转化中重新为自己定位，就是使中国贸易从传统贸易转化为网络贸易。为此，我们要积极推进中国贸易从传统贸易向国际网络贸易的革命性的转化，这一推进要通过市场与政府有效结合的方式来进行。值得指出的是，中国已经初步地“尝到了网络贸易的甜头”，1998年1~5月份，中国的出口本来应该受亚洲货币金融危机的影响而有较大幅度的下降，但是，1998年1~5月份中国的外贸进出口却保持着增长，据海关统计，1998年1~5月份，中国外贸进出口总值达1 236.9亿美元，比去年同期增长5.4%，其中出口711.1亿美元，增长8.6%，进口525.8%亿美元，增长1.5%，其中一个重要的决定因素就是，中国在1998年的春季广交会上，利用互联网向全球2 000多家外商发出了电子邮件，这使得在东南亚金融危机后的这次广交会的出席人数达6.5万人，为历年广交会人数最多的一次。在这次广交会上，中国同东南亚和韩国达成的交易额下降了60%，而同欧洲、美洲、中东、非洲的交易额则增长20%~30%。占中国出口四成的本次广交会出口成交额比上年增长10%以上。据海关统计，1998年1~4月份，中国对亚洲出口增长4.8%，对亚洲出口的比重比去年同期下降了4.6%，而对欧洲、美国、非洲、南美的出口却分别增长了29.6%、22.7%、33.9%、40.1%，它们占中国外贸出口的比重也有一定幅度的增加，很显然，中国外贸的这一变化是与对国际互联网电子邮件利用密切相关的。中国外经贸部宣布“中国商品市场”已于1998年7月8日正式进入因特网，它将成为目前因特网上最大的中国商品数据库，向外商展示中国商品信息，这为许多企业进入网络，提供了新机会。这一“中国商品市场”就利用网络发布信息这一形式而言，与中国已有的在网络上建立站点发布信息的企业一样。很明显，对于它们都有或将有从发布信息，深化到销售产品和以网络为基础的企业业务往来、企业间培训、客户培训、售后服务等商务活动的必要。这也是应该挖掘网络收益的一个取向，既要利用网络来捕捉更多的贸易机会，扩大市场的范围，又要通过网络来使得比较优势和竞争优势升级。另外，一定要注意网络安全问题。还有，也是至关重要的，中国应对网络贸易立法，且对已存在的对外贸易法进行修改。有理由相信，随着中国外贸逐步地从传统贸易转化为网络贸易，中国网络贸易的发展必然使中国的贸易呈现出一种新的局面.
英文是:
With economic development and the progress of the times, people of the original concept of marriage constantly being challenged, while the concept of legal system is further strengthened. Due to various reasons, divorce cases each year are on the rise, the husband and wife in a divorce case and deal with common property that has become increasingly difficult, reflected by the status of more and more important, it has a bearing on social stability and unity, and economic construction can proceed smoothly. Debt Settlement of joint processing and housing is dealt with divorce, division of property compared the two main issues, the 2001 Marriage Law, promulgated and implemented the new sound of the old Marriage Law of the many deficiencies, but its institutional division of property in a divorce there are still some shortcomings. Therefore, the perfect family property system and properly handle the divorce, division of matrimonial property has strong practical significance.
㈤ 急求国际贸易专业的文献综述 和外文翻译
.跨国公司研究与开发投资国际化及中国的对策 [Admin|[email protected]][2007年3月21日][20]
【中文摘要】 跨国公司是迄今为止企业发展的最高级形式，是市场经济中最活跃的主体，它的每一步行动都影响着相关的企业、市场乃至政府。上世纪80年代以来，继市场、生产的国际化之后，跨国公司又将一向集中于母国的研究与开发职能转移至国外，开始了研发投资的国际化进程。本文主要从五个层次对跨国公司研发投资的新变化进行研究， [详情……]
2.跨国公司在华R&D投资与我国企业技术创新的研究 [Admin|[email protected]][2007年3月21日][20]
【中文摘要】 跨国公司的研发机构作为跨国公司赢利能力的重要保证，长时期以来都具有极强的国内导向性，在母国高度集中。但是，20世纪90年代以来，全球经济一体化加剧，随着以知识的生产、传播及应用为基础的知识经济的到来，信息化的飞速发展，跨国公司越来越认识到技术对企业保持国际竞争优势的重要意义。 [详情……]
3.跨国公司研发国际化与我国的对策 [Admin|[email protected]][2007年3月21日][20]
【中文摘要】 跨国公司研发国际化是指跨国公司突破母国的界限，根据不同东道国在人才、科技实力以及科研基础设施上的比较优势，通过建立海外研发机构和在海外开展合作研究，在全球范围内从事新技术、新产品的研究与开发工作的国际化活动。 随着我国“入世”和对外开放的进一步深入，我国现已成为跨国公司研发投资的热点。 [详情……]
4.跨国公司产权制度变迁研究 [Admin|[email protected]][2007年3月21日][20]
【中文摘要】 跨国公司是生产国际化和世界科技高度发展的产物，日益受到各国政府、企业和学术界的普遍关注。特别是随着经济全球化进程的加快，跨国公司已成为地球村中的骄子和世界经济舞台上的主角。进入21世纪，跨国公司的作用进一步加强，成为在世界范围内配置资源的核心力量。随着跨国公司的大发展， [详情……]
5.跨国公司研究与开发的国际化 [Admin|[email protected]][2007年3月21日][21]
【中文摘要】 随着现代科学技术的迅猛发展，世界经济正从工业经济时代向 知识经济时代过渡。随着科技革命的发展，加强科学研究，实现技 术改进和技术发明已成为跨国公司获得高额利润、争夺市场、提高 竞争力的重要手段。 [详情……]
6.在华跨国公司研究开发及其对我国的影响与对策的研究 [Admin|[email protected]][2007年3月21日][21]
【中文摘要】 当代的经济全球化建立了一种新的国际关系体制，主要包括投资、贸易、生产、金融和研发的五个方面的全球化，对各国的产业结构调整与经济增长正产生着越来越深刻的影响，但是关于研究开发的全球化问题，尤其是作为经济全球化主导推动力量的跨国公司技术创新国际化的问题，仍未引起足够重视。 [详情……]
7.跨国公司投资与经营战略的变化与我国利用外资的对策研究 [Admin|[email protected]][2007年3月21日][21]
【中文摘要】 20世纪末，跨国公司得到空前发展，对全球经济与贸易的各个领域都产生了深刻的影响。入世后的中国将为跨国公司在中国的投资展示更为广阔的前景，本论文研究的主要内容有以下三个方面： (1)在知识经济、 [详情……]
8.跨国公司在华经营战略研究 [Admin|[email protected]][2007年3月21日][21]
【中文摘要】 随着全球经济一体化的趋势越来越明显，跨国公司作为经济一体化的主要在载体，世界范围内对跨国公司的研究也方兴未艾。我国作为20年来经济发展最快的国家之一，正受到越来越多的跨国公司的重视，世界上几乎所有的重要的跨国公司都已经参与到中国经济的发展中来，并成为中国经济发展的新的动力。 [详情……]
9.跨国公司在华辅助型直接投资研究 [Admin|[email protected]][2007年3月21日][21]
【中文摘要】 跨国公司早期的对外直接投资活动主要是在海外进行的生产性投资，表现为在海外投资设厂，从事生产、销售活动，满足当地需求。但随着企业海外业务的发展，为了更好的支持企业在海外当地市场的巩固和扩大，企业在初始生产性投资项目之外开始陆续进行新的后续的投资项目，如地区总部、研究与开发中心、采购中心、 [详情……]
10.论跨国公司的发展历程及其规律 [Admin|[email protected]][2007年3月21日][21]
【中文摘要】 本文介绍了跨国公司的定义、发展层次、跨国公司的基本类型和国际地位。文章分析了跨国公司的特征:对外直接投资、在全球范围内活动、实行全球战略、经营一体化,并分析了其全球化时代的特征:竞争重点由“资源竞争”、“市场竞争”转向了“科技竞争”,确立了“知识优先”的竞争观念。国际竞争从产品竞争转向组织竞争。 [详情……]
11.跨国公司在华投资战略调整实证分析与我国因应对策研究 [Admin|[email protected]][2007年3月21日][21]
【中文摘要】 当今，在经济全球化浪潮的推动下，世界各国的经济贸易联系越来越密切，跨国投资持续增长。然而，世界的贫富悬殊也正在扩大，这是全球化的“双刃剑”作用。对于已成为全球经济主要载体的跨国公司，则扮演着挥舞这把“双刃剑”剑客的角色。据此，各国学者与企业家对跨国公司的研究与实践探索也方兴未艾。 [详情……]
12.跨国公司产品策略研究——以中国市场为例 [Admin|[email protected]][2007年3月21日][21]
【中文摘要】 在当今世界上，跨国公司是一种重要的经济组织，在世界经济舞台上起着日益重要的作用。联合国贸发会议发表的《2001年世界投资报告》指出：目前，6万多家跨国公司在全世界拥有80万家海外分公司。 随着跨国公司的发展，人们对跨国公司的研究也从宏观转向微观，对跨国公司的经营行为做出解释。 [详情……]
13.略论新时期跨国公司在华经营的几点变化 [Admin|[email protected]][2007年3月20日][0]
摘 要 论述了新形势下跨国公司在华投资经营的几点战略变化，分别是跨国公司加大了在华投资力度，倾向于将地区总部设在中国，投资系统化、投资出现区域极化、投资高端化、投资独资化，加大了对中国民族企业的兼并和经营本土化。 [详情……]
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㈥ 【鸡毛信】请问各位能发我几篇关于国际贸易的英文论文原文吗非常感谢！
海娃十四岁，是龙门村的儿童。
一天傍晚，海娃腰里插着羊鞭，拿着一杆红缨枪，在山上的一棵小树底下放哨。
这时候，从阳坡的小路上爬上来一个人，他老远就叫：“海娃！海娃！”海娃听出是爸爸的声音，连忙迎上去。爸爸从怀里掏出一封信，对海娃说：“马上到三王庄去，送给指挥部的张连长。”海娃接过信一看，信角上插着三根鸡毛，知道是一封顶紧急的鸡毛信。海娃揣好信，赶着羊群转过山崖，忽然看见西山顶上的“消息树”倒了。糟糕！山那边准是发现鬼子了。海娃想，这条小路不能走了，就走大路吧。可是回头一看，大山口外面来了一队抢粮的鬼子。
鬼子越来越近。海娃着急了，把鸡毛信往哪里藏呢？他看着胖乎乎的羊尾巴，心头一动，就抢到前面抱着那只带头的老绵羊，把它尾巴根的长毛拧成两根细毛绳，把鸡毛信折起来，绑在尾巴底下。海娃什么也不怕了，他把羊鞭甩得响响的，朝着鬼子赶过去。“站住！”鬼子吆喝起来，哗啦一声举起枪，对着海娃的小脑袋。一个穿黑军装的歪嘴黑狗跑过来，一把抓住海娃的脖子，把他拉到一个长着小胡子的鬼子面前。海娃一点也不怕，他故意歪着脑袋，张大嘴巴，傻愣愣地望着小胡子。小胡子说声“搜”，那个歪嘴黑狗马上动起手来，摸补丁，掏窟窿，把海娃周身都搜遍了，连两只破鞋也没放过，结果什么也没搜着。小胡子只想早点进山去抢粮，就冲着海娃喊：“滚开！滚开！”
海娃回头就跑，他拢住羊群，使劲甩着羊鞭，恨不得飞起来。没想到那个歪嘴黑狗又追上来了，他用枪逼着海娃，要海娃把羊群赶回山里去，还挤着眼睛、歪着嘴巴狞笑者说：“皇军还没吃饭呢！这么些羊，够我们吃几顿啦！”海娃没法，只好跟着走。太阳落山了，鬼子的队伍来到一座小山庄跟前，就在打谷场上宰了几只羊烧羊肉吃。海娃顾不上心疼他的羊了，他悄悄地把手伸到老绵羊的大尾巴下面一摸，鸡毛信还照样吊着！他心里叫起来“你还在这里啊！”
鬼子吃饱了，一个个摸着肚皮，进屋里睡觉去了。歪嘴黑狗叫海娃把羊赶进牲口圈里，然后一把抓住海娃的脖子，把海娃拉进屋里。鬼子和黑狗们抱着枪睡在干草上，把海娃挤在尽里头。海娃睡不着，他想：“鬼子明天还要宰羊，要是今晚跑不掉，鸡毛信可就完了。”他不住埋怨自己：“海娃，海娃，你怎么搞的，连一封鸡毛信都不会送啊！……”忽然听见外面的哨兵吼了一声：“哪一个？”有人回答：“喂牲口的！”哨兵不吭气了。不一会儿，远处传来一阵鸡叫。
鸡叫两遍了。海娃哪儿还躺得住，他坐起来一看，门口的哨兵正在打瞌睡呢。他就悄悄地站了起来，踮着左脚把歪嘴黑狗的胳膊轻轻拨开，从小胡子身边跳过去，闪到了门边，又轻轻地迈过哨兵的大腿，溜到了村边的路上。“哪一个？”街那头的哨兵吼起来。“喂牲口的！”海娃装着大人的声音回答。那个哨兵就不理会他了。海娃走进牲口圈，一把抱住那只老绵羊，把它尾巴底下的鸡毛信解下来，揣进口袋里，撒开两腿就跑，一口气跑上了庄后的山梁。
天亮了，海娃跑到山嘴旁边，听见前面有人吼叫。他抬头一望，山梁那头有个鬼子拿着面小白旗，朝着海娃来回摇晃。海娃脱下身上的白布小褂，学着鬼子的样子也来回摇晃。没想到，真混过去了。海娃转过山嘴，一口气跑到对面山顶。前面就是三王庄啦。海娃高兴极了，他一屁股坐在山头上，把手伸进口袋一摸，不觉浑身哆嗦起来。鸡毛信呢？口袋里没有，赶紧脱下小褂子来找，也没有；把身边的石头缝都找遍了，还是没有。海娃马上往回跑，在来的路上找。他一口气跑上大山，爬到小山嘴旁边，就在刚才摇晃褂子的地方，鸡毛信好好地躺在那儿。海娃高兴极了，把信装进口袋，刚想回头跑，忽然背后有人喊叫，歪嘴黑狗追上来了。他抓住海娃，一连打了几枪托，叫海娃回去给鬼子带路。
小胡子把洋刀一挥，鬼子和黑狗又出发了。海娃赶着羊群夹在他们中间，过了大山，来到三王庄眼前。海娃看到山上的“消息树”放倒了，不用说，张连长的队伍已经知道鬼子来了。鬼子可什么也不知道，他们在沟里，又是抽烟，又是吃羊肉。休息够了，一队黑狗先走，想从中路走上峁去。山坡上忽然轰轰响了几声，冒起一柱一柱的黑烟，黑狗踩上地雷了。小胡子扔下那些黑狗不管了，他指着小路对海娃说：“你在前面带路，皇军在后面。明白吗？”
海娃远远地走在鬼子的前边。树林里岔着两条路，一条小路，一条羊道。他把羊赶上了羊道。歪嘴黑狗在底下吆喝：“走错了！”海娃放开嗓子说：“没错！我走过的。走吧！”羊道越来越陡，越来越不好走，鬼子走一截，停一截，远远落在后面。小胡子吼起来了：“慢慢的！”海娃装作没听见，一步紧一步往前跑。鬼子使劲喊：“站住！再不站住就开枪啦！”海娃不听他的，甩了一响鞭，拼命往前跑。鬼子真的开枪了。海娃同羊群一起飞跑，可是他实在跑不动了。就扑倒在乱草里，放开嗓子叫：“鬼子上来啦！打呀！赶快打呀！”
峁上突然响起一阵排子枪声，跟着又是一阵。海娃听到了，这是自己人的枪声。他的两条腿又来了劲，爬起来拼命向峁上扑去。忽然他张开双臂，“哎哟”尖叫一声，晕倒在乱草堆里了。一个游击队战士跑过来，抱起了海娃。
等到海娃睁开眼睛，他看见蹲在他身边的正是张连长，连忙说：“信……鸡毛信……”他的伤口疼得厉害，说着又昏迷过去了、海娃又醒过来的时候，他已经躺在暖炕上，盖着一床软绵绵的毯子。太阳从窗口射进来，照在炕上。张连长笑眯眯地问海娃：“好些吗？还疼吗？”海娃顾不得疼，他问张连长：“这是哪里呀？”张连长哈哈大笑起来，他摸着海娃的脑袋，说：“你忘了吗？昨天你不是送来一封鸡毛信吗？那是你爸爸让你送来的情报。咱们的队伍根据情报，砸了鬼子的炮楼。多亏你这个小八路，小英雄！”
海娃这才记起送鸡毛信这回事来。他脸红了，连忙问：“缴了枪没有？”张连长说：“缴了一大捆，都是崭新油亮的三八式快枪！”海娃高兴地说：“那就给我一支吧！”
㈦ 国际贸易专业的外文翻译，最好有关国际分工的，英文要15000字符，英文汉语都有最好
找WTO原文文献去，没有找你专业课老师要去....她没有。。她就是废物
㈧ 急求一篇关于国际贸易的外文文献翻译要中英对照的！！
我也是参加国际贸易的自考考生，记得课程里面有一个是叫《外刊经贸知识选读》，你可以查看下教材有没有翻译，我还没有考到。希望对你有帮助
㈨ 要写毕业论文的关于国际贸易的外文翻译，谁能帮我下载份纯英文文献！！求 谢谢！！
童鞋你好！
这个估计需要自己搜索了！
网上基本很难找到免费给你服务的！
我在这里给你点搜索国际上常用的外文数据库：
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❶ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2
❷Elsevier SDOL数据库 IEEE/IEE(IEL)
❸EBSCOhost RSC英国皇家化学学会
❹ACM美国计算机学会 ASCE美国土木工程师学会
❺Springer电子期刊 WorldSciNet电子期刊全文库
❻Nature周刊 NetLibrary电子图书
❼ProQuest学位论文全文数据库
❽国道外文专题数据库 CALIS西文期刊目次数据库
❾推荐使用ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2
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中文翻译得自己做了，实在不成就谷歌翻译。
弄完之后，自己阅读几遍弄顺了就成啦！
学校以及老师都不会看这个东西的！
外文翻译不是论文的主要内容！
所以，很容易过去的！
祝你好运！