与国际贸易有关

㈠ 与国际贸易有关的国际惯例有哪些

哦～其实 所谓的国际惯例 就是 各种条约 其中 主要有3个 国际贸易术语解释通则 华沙—牛津规则 1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本 了解了这3个条约 就应该没什么问题啦！以下是简介 不明白的你可以网络一下你就知道！呵呵～ 希望能帮到你！
在国际贸易业务实践中，因各国法律制度、贸易惯例和习惯做法不同，因此，国际上对各种贸易术语的理解与运作互有差异，从而容易引起贸易纠纷。为了避免各国在对贸易术语解释上出现分歧和引起争议，有些国际组织和商业团体便分别就某些贸易术语作出统一的解释与规定，其中影响较大的主要有：国际商会制定的《国际贸易术语解释通则》（International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms,简称INCOTERMS）；国际法协会制定的《华沙—牛津规则》（Warsaw-Oxford Rules）；美国一些商业团体制定的《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》（Revised American Foreign Trade Defintion 1941）。
一、《1990年国际贸易术语解释通则》
《1990年国际贸易术语解释通则》是在《1980年国际贸易术语解释通则》的基础上修订公布的，该《通则》于1990年7月1日生效。
（一）修订《1980年通则》的原因
1、适应电子信息交换日益频繁运用的需要当今世界已进入信息时代，电子信息交换（Electronic Data Interchange,
简写为EDI）在国际贸易业务中已越来越广泛地被人们采用，以电子信息取代纸单证的做法日渐增多，使“无纸贸易”逐渐变成现实。在此形势下，如何确保相应的电子信息与原来的纸单证具有同等的法律地位和法律效力，是一个亟待解决的很现实的重要问题。这个问题，只能随着实践的发展，由贸易惯例和法律来解决，这是国际商会修订《1980年通则》最重的原因。
2、适应运输技术的发展和运输方式变革的需要随着集装箱运输发展起来以后，传统的单一的海运向多式联运发展，货物的交接地点也从传统的“港—港”交接逐渐转向“门—门”的交接。加之，海运中使用车辆装卸的滚装、滚卸运输的出现，使原有的贸易术语无法适应现实业务的需要。因此，针对这种情况，对有关的贸易术语作相应的调整和改变，就显得十分必要，这也是此次修订《通则》的另一个重要原因。
（二）《1990年通则》的主要变化
《1990年通则》同《1980年通则》相比，变化很大，因此，《1990年通则》的公布和生效，标志着国际贸易惯例的重大发展。在《1990年通则中》，贸易术语的种类及其分类排列方法，贸易术语的国际代码与使用范围，买卖双方义务划分的标准以及单证的运用等方面，都有明显的变化，其中最主要的变化有下列三个方面：
1、对各种贸易术语采取新的分类排列方法
在《1990年通则》中，根据卖方承担义务的不同，对各种贸易术语重新予以分类排列，即将13种贸易术语划分为下列四组：
E组（启运）：本组仅包括EXW（工厂交货）一种贸易术语。当卖方在自己的地点（即原产地）将货物交给买方支配时，则采用此术语。
F组（主要运费未付）：本组包括FCA（货交承运人）、FAS（装运港船边交货）和FOB（装运港船上交货）三种贸易术语。在采用装运地或装运港交货条件成交而主要运费未付的情况下，即要求卖方将货物交至买方指定的承运人时，应采用此类术语。
C组（主要运费已付）：本组包括CFR（成本加运费）、CIF（成本、保险费加运费）、CPT（运费付至目的地）和 CIP（运费、保险费付至目的地）四种贸易术语。在采用装运地或装运港交货条件而主要运费已付的情况下，则采用此类贸易术语。按此类术语成交，卖方必须订立运输合同，但对货物发生灭失或损坏的风险以及货物发运后发生事件所产生的费用，卖方不承担责任。
D组（抵达）：本组包括DAF（边境交货）、DES（目的港船上交货）、DEQ（目的港码头交货）、DDU（未完税交货）和 DDP（完税后交货）五种贸易术语。在按目的地或目的港交货条件成交，即要求卖方必须承担货物交至目的地国家所需要的费用和风险时，则选用此类术语。
C组（抵达）：本组包括DAF（边境交货）、DES（目的港船上交货）、DEQ（目的港码头交货）、DDU（未完税交货）和 DDP（完税后交货）五种贸易术语。在按目的地或目的港交货条件成交，即要求卖方必须承担货物交至目的地国家所需要的费用和风险时，则选用此类术语。国际商会在《1990年通则》中，对各种贸易术语采取上述分类排列方法，较前更为科学和合理。这种新的分类排列方法具有明显的优点，它既便于理解，也容易记忆。为了便于查找和记忆各种贸易术语，使一一目了然，特将贸易术语分类排列如下：
《1990年通则》(INCOTERMS 1990)
E组(Group E)
启运(Departure)
EXW(Ex Works) 工厂交货
F组(Group F)
主要运费未付(Main Carriage Unpaid)
(1)FCA (Free Carrier) 货交承运人
(2)FAS (Free Alongside Ship) 装运港船边交货
(3)FOB (Free on Board) 装运港船上交货
C组(Group C)
主要运费已付(Main Carriage Paid)
(1)CFR (Cost and Freight) 成本加运费
(2)CIF (Cost,Insurance and Freight) 成本、保险费加运费
(3)CPT (Carriage Paid To) 运费付至目的地
(4)CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid To) 运费、保险费付至目的地
D组(Group D)
抵达(Arrival)
(1)DAF (Delivered At Frontier) 边境交货
(2)DES (Delivered Ex Ship) 目的港船上交货
(3)DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay) 目的港码头交货
(4)DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid) 未完税交货
(5)DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) 完税后交货
2、对买卖双方的义务采取相互对应的标准化的规定办法在《1990年通则》中，还采取标准化的、相互对应的规定办法，将买卖双方各自承担的义务分别用10个项目列出，从而极大地便利了双方当事人对《通则》的使用，尤其便于交易双方相互比较和对照检查。现将各种贸易术语所规定的买卖双方相互对应的10项义务，分别列表如下：
卖 方 买 方
A1. 提供符合合同规定的货物 B1.支付货款
A2. 许可证、批准文件及海关手续 B2.许可证、批准文件及海关手续
A3. 运输合同与保险合同 B3.运输合同
A4. 交货 B4.受领货物
A5. 风险转移 B5.风险转移
A6. 费用划分 B6.费用划分
A7. 通知买方 B7.通知卖方
A8. 交货凭证、运输单证或相应的 B8.交货凭证、运输单证或相应的电子信息 电子信息
A9. 核查、包装及标记 B9.货物检验
A10. 其他义务 B10.其他义务
通过上表，可以看出买卖双方义务的划分标准比较明确，这有利于合同当事人分别履行各自承担的义务。
3、纸单证可以被相应的电子信息取代在《1990年通则》中，买卖双方约定以电子方式联络时，规定当事人提供的各种单证，可以由相应的电子信息（EDI）所取代。这是《1990年通则》的一个突出特点。
二、《1932年华沙—牛津规则》
为了对CIF合同双方的权利与义务作出统一的规定与解释，国际法协会特制定了《华沙—牛津规则》，为那些按CIF贸易术语成交的买卖双方提供了一套可在CIF合同中易于使用的统一规则，供买卖双方自愿采用。在买卖双方缺乏标准合同格式或共同交易条件的情况下，买卖双方可以约定采用此项规划。《华沙—牛津规则》自1932年公布后，一直沿用至今，并成为国际贸易中颇有影响的国际贸易惯例。这是因为，此项《规则》在一定程度上反映了各国对 CIF合同的一般解释。不仅如此，其中某些规定的原则，还可适用于其他合同。例如，《华沙—牛津规则》规定，在 CIF合同中，货物所有权移转于买方的时间，应当是卖方把装运单据（提单）交给买方的时刻，即以交单时间作为所有权移转的时间。此项原则，虽是针对 CIF合同的特点制定的，但一般认为也可适用于卖方有提供提单义务的其他合同。
三、《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》
《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》也是国际贸易中具有一定影响的国际贸易惯例，这不仅在美国使用，而且也为加拿大和一些拉丁美洲国家所采用。该定义对Ex Point of Orign、FAS、FOB、C&F、CIF和Ex Dock等六种贸易术语作了释。值得注意的是，该《定义》把FOB分为六种类型，其中只有第五种，即装运港船上交货（FOB Vessel），才同国际贸易中一般通用的 FOB的含义大体相同，而其余五种 FOB的含义则完全不同。为了具体说明买卖双方在各种贸易术语下各自承担的义务，在此修订本所列各种贸易术语之后，一般附有注释。这些注释，实际上是贸易术语定义不可分割的组成部分。
上述有关贸易贸易术语的现行国际贸易惯例，是建立在当事人“意思自治”的基础上，具有任意法的性质。因此，买卖双方商订合同时，可以规定适用某些惯例，也可以变更、修改规则中的任何条款或增添其他条款，即是否采用上
述惯例，悉凭自愿。在中国进出口贸易业务中，采用国际商会的规定和解释的居多，如按CIF条件成交还可同时采用《华沙—牛津规则》的规定和解释。如从美国和加拿大按FOB条件进口时，在规定合同条款和履行合同时，还应考虑《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》对FOB术语的特殊解释与运用

㈡ 与外贸销售相近相关职业有哪些

你好
外贸、工贸等进出口公司，银行国际结算部，货运代理等物流公司，海关，学校当该专业的老师，这些都是与国贸专业相关的职业。

㈢ 与国际贸易专业相关的职业

·培养目标：
本专业培养具有外贸专业理论和实务知识及技能，熟悉国际贸易的版基本原理和方法、货物储运的权基本环节，熟练掌握计算机及1—2门外语的复合型、外向型的国际贸易专门人才。
·就业方向：
学生毕业后，适合在涉外经济岗位、外经贸部门及各类工商企业从事外贸与涉外的报关、外贸运输保险等工作。
·主要课程：
会计学基础、国际市场营销、外贸英语函电、国际货运、报关原理与实务、关税理论与实务、外贸单证、进出口实务、国际商法、期货期权交易、管理学概论、国际金融、国际贸易、国际投资理论与实务、中国对外贸易概论等课程。
·证书：
学生在学完全部课程的同时将获得电子商务员等相关证书。

㈣ 求与国际贸易有关的热门话题

跨国收购就现在国际贸易的一个热点

㈤ 有关国际贸易的工作有什么

1、市场/公关

企业通过媒介的介绍、传播，和观众的交流、沟通和互动，在公众面前树立并强化公司的品牌形象，在市场竞争中赢得先机。而在这一系列活动安排中，专业公关是企业的好帮手。

随着公关人才的需求看涨，原本从事市场、媒体、新闻、中文、企业公关的部分人才将眼光投向了公关行业。这个行业对人员的素质要求很高，员工个个都是精兵强将。即使是有新闻、企业公关等工作经验的人加入该行业，都需要从头做起，晋升到总监级更需经历10多年的奋斗。

2、营销人员

对于以技术为背景的行业里面，例如电讯、软件等，销售的需求仍然会持续走高。即使在非技术领域，销售职位也一直是市场需求最旺盛的职位类别之一。

优秀的销售人员需要的素质包括：积极的进取心、坚持不懈的态度、与其他人良好沟通的技巧、给人信任度以及在商谈中营造 舒适氛围的能力。

3、管理咨询

管理咨询分为普通管理咨询及类似微咨询、管理课程培训等的细分管理咨询业务。管理咨询本质如同西医需要调查诊断才能开药，也如同中医要望闻问切才能开药方。

咨询的行为都是借助服务提供者的丰富的知识、经验，在企业提出要求的基础上深入企业，并且和企业管理人员密切结合，应用科学的方法，找出企业存在的主要问题。

进行定量和确有论据的定性分析，查出存在问题的原因，提出切实可行的改善方案，进而指导实施方案，使企业的运行机制得到改善，提高企业的管理水平和经济效益。

4、财务顾问

财务顾问是指具备专业财务知识为顾客提供投资理财咨询策划服务的专业人员。财务顾问在各个公司跟各个行业的工作职责跟服务内容都有所不同。财务顾问应当勤勉尽责，遵守行业规范和职业道德。

根据有关规定，收购人进行上市公司的收购，应当聘请在中国注册的具有从事财务顾问业务资格的专业机构担任财务顾问。

5、金融/保险/投资

工作内容广泛，报酬差距较大，收入多半与业绩挂钩。要有良好的专业知识、积极的进取心、坚持不懈的态度、与其他人良好沟通的技巧。

㈥ 求一篇与国际贸易相关的英文文章

国际贸易International trade is the exchange of capital, goods and services across international boundaries or territories.[1] In most countries, it represents a significant share of GDP. While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. Instrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system. Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization. International trade is a major source of economic revenue for any nation that is considered a world power. Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services proced within their own borders.

International trade is in principle not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade does not change fundamentally depending on whether trade is across a border or not. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs e to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or a different culture.

Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of proction such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of proction. Then trade in good and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of proction. Instead of importing the factor of proction a country can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of proction and are thus embodying the respective factor. An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from China. Instead of importing Chinese labor the United States is importing goods from China that were proced with Chinese labor.

International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international economics.

Models
Several different models have been proposed to predict patterns of trade and to analyze the effects of trade policies such as tariffs.

[edit] Ricardian model
Main article: Ricardian model
The Ricardian model focuses on comparative advantage and is perhaps the most important concept in international trade theory. In a Ricardian model, countries specialize in procing what they proce best. Unlike other models, the Ricardian framework predicts that countries will fully specialize instead of procing a broad array of goods. Also, the Ricardian model does not directly consider factor endowments, such as the relative amounts of labor and capital within a country.

[edit] Heckscher-Ohlin model
Main article: Heckscher-Ohlin model
The Heckscher-Ohlin model was proced as an alternative to the Ricardian model of basic comparative advantage. Despite its greater complexity it did not prove much more accurate in its predictions. However from a theoretical point of view it did provide an elegant solution by incorporating the neoclassical price mechanism into international trade theory.

The theory argues that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor endowments. It predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of locally abundant factors and will import goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce. Empirical problems with the H-O model, known as the Leontief paradox, were exposed in empirical tests by Wassily Leontief who found that the United States tended to export labor intensive goods despite having a capital abundance.

[edit] Specific factors model
In this model, labour mobility between instries is possible while capital is immobile between instries in the short-run. Thus, this model can be interpreted as a 'short run' version of the Heckscher-Ohlin model. The specific factors name refers to the given that in the short-run specific factors of proction, such as physical capital, are not easily transferable between instries. The theory suggests that if there is an increase in the price of a good, the owners of the factor of proction specific to that good will profit in real terms. Additionally, owners of opposing specific factors of proction (i.e. labour and capital) are likely to have opposing agendas when lobbying for controls over immigration of labour. Conversely, both owners of capital and labour profit in real terms from an increase in the capital endowment. This model is ideal for particular instries. This model is ideal for understanding income distribution but awkward for discussing the pattern of trade!

[edit] New Trade Theory
Main article: New Trade Theory
New Trade theory tries to explain several facts about trade, which the two main models above have difficulty with. These include the fact that most trade is between countries with similar factor endowment and proctivity levels, and the large amount of multinational proction (ie foreign direct investment) which exists. In one example of this framework, the economy exhibits monopolistic competition, and increasing returns to scale.

[edit] Gravity model
Main article: Gravity model of trade
The Gravity model of trade presents a more empirical analysis of trading patterns rather than the more theoretical models discussed above. The gravity model, in its basic form, predicts trade based on the distance between countries and the interaction of the countries' economic sizes. The model mimics the Newtonian law of gravity which also considers distance and physical size between two objects. The model has been proven to be empirically strong through econometric analysis. Other factors such as income level, diplomatic relationships between countries, and trade policies are also included in expanded versions of the model.

[edit] Regulation of international trade
Traditionally trade was regulated through bilateral treaties between two nations. For centuries under the belief in Mercantilism most nations had high tariffs and many restrictions on international trade. In the 19th century, especially in Britain, a belief in free trade became paramount. This belief became the dominant thinking among western nations since then despite the acknowledgement that adoption of the policy coincided with the general decline of Great Britain. In the years since the Second World War, controversial multilateral treaties like the GATT and World Trade Organization have attempted to create a globally regulated trade structure. These trade agreements have often resulted in protest and discontent with claims of unfair trade that is not mutually beneficial.

Free trade is usually most strongly supported by the most economically powerful nations, though they often engage in selective protectionism for those instries which are strategically important such as the protective tariffs applied to agriculture by the United States and Europe. The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were both strong advocates of free trade when they were economically dominant, today the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan are its greatest proponents. However, many other countries (such as India, China and Russia) are increasingly becoming advocates of free trade as they become more economically powerful themselves. As tariff levels fall there is also an increasing willingness to negotiate non tariff measures, including foreign direct investment, procurement and trade facilitation. The latter looks at the transaction cost associated with meeting trade and customs proceres.

Traditionally agricultural interests are usually in favour of free trade while manufacturing sectors often support protectionism. This has changed somewhat in recent years, however. In fact, agricultural lobbies, particularly in the United States, Europe and Japan, are chiefly responsible for particular rules in the major international trade treaties which allow for more protectionist measures in agriculture than for most other goods and services.

During recessions there is often strong domestic pressure to increase tariffs to protect domestic instries. This occurred around the world ring the Great Depression. Many economists have attempted to portray tariffs as the underlining reason behind the collapse in world trade that many believe seriously deepened the depression.

The regulation of international trade is done through the World Trade Organization at the global level, and through several other regional arrangements such as MERCOSUR in South America, NAFTA between the United States, Canada and Mexico, and the European Union between 27 independent states. The 2005 Buenos Aires talks on the planned establishment of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) failed largely e to opposition from the populations of Latin American nations. Similar agreements such as the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment) have also failed in recent years.

[edit] Risks in international trade
The risks that exist in international trade can be divided into two major groups

[edit] Economic risks
Risk of insolvency of the buyer,
Risk of protracted default - the failure of the buyer to pay the amount e within six months after the e date
Risk of non-acceptance
Surrendering economic sovereignty
Risk of Exchange rate

[edit] Political risks
Risk of cancellation or non-renewal of export or import licences
War risks
Risk of expropriation or confiscation of the importer's company
Risk of the imposition of an import ban after the shipment of the goods
Transfer risk - imposition of exchange controls by the importer's country or foreign currency shortages
Surrendering political sovereignty
Influence of political parties in importer's company

㈦ 与国际贸易有关的对联

国际贸易联谊通四海
一带一路物流达三江
互通有无

㈧ 与国际贸易相关的专业有哪些

国际经济与贸易专业

专业前景 国际经济与贸易是运用国际经济学中的贸易理论和分析方法，研究国际贸易发生的原因、国际贸易政策、国际贸易实务以及国际贸易与经济发展关系的一门学科。随着全球经济一体化程度的加快以及中国加入WTO后国内市场与国际市场的进一步接轨，迫切需要一大批具有坚实的国际经济与贸易理论基础、熟悉国际贸易实务、熟练掌握外语的高级专门人才。随着社会对本专业人才需求的不断增加，国际经济与贸易专业具有非常广阔的发展前景。

培养目标 本专业培养坚持四项基本原则，适应社会主义市场经济发展需要，掌握本学科扎实的基本理论、基本方法和技能，通晓国内外经济、贸易理论与实务，能在外贸公司、工贸公司、拥有外贸经营权的企业和其他涉外经贸部门工作的高级专门人才。

培养特色 本专业要求学生在全面、系统掌握国际经济与贸易的一般理论与实务的基础上，还增加农产品国际贸易及有关专业知识的学习，使学生具有专业特色；在加强学生基本理论与方法教育的同时，强化专业实践教育，全面提高学生分析问题和解决实际问题的能力，从而使毕业生具有较强的就业竞争能力和较宽的就业适应能力。

主干课程 政治经济学、微观经济学、宏观经济学、国际经济学、计量经济学、世界经济、国际贸易理论与实务、国际金融、国际结算、货币银行、财政学、统计学、会计学等。

所授学位 经济学学士

就业方向 毕业后可在对外贸易及相关领域的行政管理、教学、科研工作，也可在外贸公司、跨国公司、拥有外贸经营权的企业和其他涉外经贸部门工作。

深造情况 学院设有国际贸易、农业经济管理、产业经济学、金融学、数量经济学、管理科学与工程六个硕士学位授权点和农业经济管理、管理科学与工程两个博士学位授权点。每年约有25%左右的学生考取研究生继续深造。

㈨ 国际结算与国际贸易有什么联系

国际结算与国际贸易联系如下：

国际结算可以促进国际贸易交易，服务国际经济文化交流，促进国际金融一体化，进而繁荣整个世界经济；同时还可为本国创收和积累外汇，引进外资，合理使用外汇，输出资金向外投资，起到巩固本国货币汇率，提供本国对外支付能力的作用。

国际贸易主要是指跨境贸易往来，比如境内企业与欧洲或者香港之间的贸易。国际结算是指跨境的资金偿付，比如境内企业出口货物给非洲，非洲客户需要将货款支付给境内企业。这种资金跨境的结算就是国际结算。两者关系：国际结算主要是由于国际贸易引起的，但也可能是非贸易引发的结算。

(9)与国际贸易有关扩展阅读：

国际贸易的重要作用

一，国际贸易对国民的作用

增加国民福利、满足国民不同的需求偏好、国际贸易提高国民生活水平、国际贸易影响国民的文化和价值观、提供就业岗位。

二，国际贸易对企业的作用

强化品质管理，提高企业效益、在产品品质竞争中立于不败之地、有利于国际间的经济合作和技术交流、有利于企业自我改进能力的提高、有效地避免产品责任。

三，国际贸易对单一国家的作用

调节各国市场的供求关系、延续社会再生产、促进生产要素的充分利用、发挥比较优势，提高生产效率、提高生产技术水平，优化国内产业结构、增加财政收入、加强各国经济联系，促进经济发展 。

四，国际贸易对世界的作用

国际贸易是世界各国参与国际分工，实现社会再生产顺利进行的重要手段、国际贸易是世界各国间进行科学技术交流的重要途径、国际贸易是世界各国进行政治、外交斗争的重要工具、国际贸易是世界各国对外经济关系的核心、国际贸易是国际经济中“传递”的重要渠道。

㈩ 与国际贸易相关的专业有哪些

产业经济学,金融学，国民经济学，区域经济学，财政学，劳动经济学，