经济发展范文

A. 企业经营情况怎么写（包括哪些方面）

企业经营状况包括：公司成立的时间；主营业务；注册资金；目前的销售收入、利润，缴纳税金；主要的业务合作伙伴。

对企业经营情况进行分析：

一、首先要为分析提供内部资料和外部资料。内部资料最主要的是企业财务会计报告，财务报告是反映企业财务状况和经营成果的书面文件，包括会计主表（资产负债表、利润表、现金流量表）、附表、会计报表附注等；外部资料是从企业外部获得的资料，包括行业数据、其他竞争对手的数据等。

二、根据财务报告：按照分析的目的内容分为：财务效益分析、资产运营状况分析、偿债能力状况分析和发展能力分析；按照分析的对象不同分为：资产负债表分析、利润表分析、现金流量表分析。

（一）按照分析的目的内容分析

1、财务效益状况。即企业资产的收益能力。资产收益能力是会计信息使用者关心的重要问题，通过对它的分析为投资者、债权人、企业经营管理者提供决策的依据。分析指标主要有：净资产收益率、资本保值增值率、主营业务利润率、盈余现金保障倍数、成本费用利润率等。

2、资产营运状况。是指企业资产的周转情况，反映企业占用经济资源的利用效率。分析主要指标有：总资产周转率、流动资产周转率、存货周转率、应收帐款周转率、不良资产比率等。

3、偿债能力状况。企业偿还短期债务和长期债务的能力强弱，是企业经济实力和财务状况的重要体现，也是衡量企业是否稳健经营、财务风险大小的重要尺度。分析主要指标有：资产负债率、已获利息倍数、现金流动负债比率、速动比率等。

4、发展能力状况。发展能力是关系到企业的持续生存问题，也关系到投资者未来收益和债权人长期债权的风险程度。分析企业发展能力状况的指标有：销售增长率、资本积累率、三年资本平均增长率、三年销售平均增长率、技术投入比率等。

（二）按照分析的对象不同分析

1、资产负债表分析。主要从资产项目、负债结构、所有者权益结构方面进行分析。

资产主要分析项目有：现金比重、应收帐款比重、存货比重、无形资产比重等。负债结构分析有：短期偿债能力分析、长期偿债能力分析等。所有者权益结构是分析：各项权益占所有者权益总额的比重，说明投资者投入资本的保值增值情况及所有者的权益构成。

2、利润表分析。主要从盈利能力、经营业绩等方面分析。主要分析指标：净资产收益率、总资产报酬率、主营业务利润率、成本费用利润率、销售增长率等。

3、现金流量表分析。主要从现金支付能力、资本支出与投资比率、现金流量收益比率等方面进行分析。分析指标主要有：现金比率、流动负债现金比率、债务现金比率、股利现金比率、资本购置率、销售现金率等。

(1)经济发展范文扩展阅读：

企业经营情况效益性分析方法

企业不仅关心投资的报酬，更关心高报酬率的持续性。因此，企业获取高利润的持续性分析成为被关注的另一点。企业的产品成本、宏观经济条件、各种政策规定等竞争环境相同时，企业要在竞争中取胜，只有以提高效益来赚取更多的利润。

企业效益，是指在企业的生产经营中，投入的劳动、资源、设备、材料等各种经营要素，经过经营者和职工有效地运用，产出更高的经济价值和社会贡献。它用来衡量劳动力与资产的有效利用程度。具体指标有：

1.附加价值率

投资者选择投资项目时，最关心的是能否产生高附加价值的问题。附加价值是企业生产活动过程中创造出的新增价值。用公式表示为：

附加价值=税前净利+人工费+资本化利息+租金+费用税金

附加价值的计算，可通过查找损益表、管理费用明细表、制造费用明细表来计算。

附加价值率是附加价值与销售收入的比值。它反映每一元销售收入带来的附加价值。一般来说，越是资本密集的行业，其产品附加价值越高，净利润也随之提高；反之资本密集程度相对较低的行业，产品附加价值较低，净利润也就较低。

2.劳动生产效率

劳动生产效率是附加价值与总人数之比。它反映一人所创造的附加价值。

计算公式为：

劳动生产效率=附加价值/总人数

该指标越高，说明劳动利用效率高，创造了更多的附加价值，因而成为衡量同行业间竞争力的重要指标。

3.附加价值与总资本的比值（总资本投资效益）

该指标反映投资的总资本在一年内创出的附加价值，该指标高说明资本的有效利用程度高，创出的附加价值多，创出的净利润多。

B. 中国经济的发展英语范文

RMB exchange rate reform--decided out of China's own need
When the national economic statistics of the first half of this year were just released on July 20, people were immersed in analysis and judgment of the economic situation.

At 7:00 on the evening of July 21, after only one day, the People's Bank of China (PBOC), the central bank, announced a world-shaking news: With approval from the State Council, from July 21, China began to institute a regulated, managed floating exchange rate regime based on market supply and demand and in reference to a basket of currencies.

A reform independently decided out of own need
The reform is an important policy decision made out of the actual needs of China's reform and development, rather than under certain international pressure.

As is emphasized by Zhou Xiaochuan, governor of the central bank: "This represents a kind of self-decision and is the need of China's march to a socialist market economy and optimization of resources allocation and the need for reform and long-term stable development, rather than a result gained after communication and consultation with other countries."

In 1994, China reformed its double-track exchange rate system and introced the unification of exchange rates. After the unification, China instituted a managed floating exchange rate regime based on market supply and demand.

In plain words, this exchange rate system means: Selling or buying foreign exchange by enterprises and indivials has to be carried out through designated foreign exchange banks; these designated banks, in turn, enter the inter-bank foreign exchange market, or sell their surplus foreign exchange to other banks to gain the people's currency, or use the RMB to buy foreign currencies from other banks to make up the shortage of foreign exchange; this buying and selling, supply and demand give rise to price parity between the RMB and foreign currencies, or called the RMB exchange rate; meanwhile, the central bank sets up a certain floating limit to the exchange rate, foreign exchange is bought up when supply exceeds demand, sold out when it is in short supply. Doing so aims to maintain a basic stability of the RMB exchange rate through such a regulating method.

Before 1997, RMB exchange rate was stable with a bit rise, and for this reason, people at home and abroad had growing confidence in the RMB. But thereafter the Asian financial crisis broke out, in order to prevent an alternate depreciation of currencies in Asian neighbors and a resultant deepening of the crisis, China, as a large responsible country, promised not to devalue the RMB and took the initiative to narrow the floating band of exchange rate, but the goal for instituting a managed floating exchange rate regime remained unchanged.

We should say that the managed floating exchange rate system based on market supply and demand conforms to China's national conditions for it adapts to the stage of China's economic development, the level of financial supervision and administration and enterprises' sustainability. However, along with the evolvement of the situation, the necessity of perfecting the RMB exchange rate determination mechanism has revealed itself with each passing day. In other words, what is to be changed in the RMB exchange rate reform is not the RMB exchange rate system, still less permission of a revaluation, but rather it is designed to perfect the RMB exchange rate formation mechanism.

Improving the RMB exchange rate formation mechanism is the inherent requirement for the establishment of a sound socialist market economy system, as well as an important content of deepening reform to the economic-financial system and strengthening the macro-control system.

In recent years, along with the rapid growth of China's exports and foreign investments, correspondingly, in the balance of payments statement, it is shown a "double surpluses" of the current account and the capital account; in the inter-bank foreign exchange market, it is manifested as a continuous stream of foreign exchange and that the supply exceeds the demand.

In order to stabilize the RMB exchange rate, the central bank cannot but passively purchase a huge amount of foreign exchange, correspondingly, it will provide a huge supply of RMB, consequently increasing the monetary base.

Statistics show that the basic currency supplied in such a way has accounted for 90 percent of the total of basic currency. The independence of the monetary policy is subject to serious challenge. The too rapid growth of money supply would give rise to such problems as investment expansion, inflationary pressure and assets bubble.

Perfecting the RMB exchange rate formation mechanism and allowing it to be more elastic make it possible to give better play to the basic role of the market in the allocation of resources; this helps improve the initiative and efficiency of financial regulation and control and thus helps strengthen and improve macro regulation and control.

Perfecting the RMB exchange rate formation mechanism is concive to implementation of the strategy for the sustainable development of the economy based mainly on domestic demand and to optimization of resources allocation.

Experts put it frankly that if the original exchange rate formation mechanism is stuck to for a long time, it will likely affect improvement of the economic structure.

Firstly, it will encourage the uneven development between foreign-related departments and domestic departments.

Secondly, it will affect the coordinated proportion among the three major instries (primary, secondary and tertiary).

Thirdly, it will hamper the normal transfer of instry from coastal areas to the inland. Inordinate stability of the exchange rate makes it possible for rough machining labor-intensive proction to exist in coastal areas and to lack driving force and pressure to shift toward central and western regions.

Perfecting the RMB exchange rate formation mechanism and properly increasing the elasticity of exchange rate will increase the uncertainty of risk capital flows gains, which helps curb massive unilateral flows of capital, guard against and obviate financial risks and maintain financial stability.

Excessive rigidity of exchange rate reces the exchange rate risks of venture capital flows, is likely to cause massive in and out of venture capital and to bring impacts on economic development and financial stability. The Mexican financial crisis in 1994 and the Asian financial crisis in 1997 were both directly associated with this.

Regarding this, Zhou Xiaochuan has a very vivid metaphor. He said: "A fixed exchange rate is like a shield in the hand when fighting, however you attack me, I will remain unmoved; if I fail to hold on, the impact will cause influence. A floating exchange rate is like a foam-rubber cushion, if you want to fight your way in, I'll react softly, ok, you've come in, but I won't let you hit me; when you want to quit, I'll give you a pinch and let you go only after you have taken a layer of your skin off."

Perfecting the RMB exchange rate formation mechanism facilitates the development of the foreign economy. This move helps spur the enterprise to strengthen technical innovation, management innovation and the creation of a brand name and to strengthen marketing, after-sale service, thereby fundamentally enhance the enterprise's competitiveness; it also helps maintain a basic balance between import and export and improve trading conditions.

Reform is a must and is imminent.

Experts put it frankly that if RMB exchange rate reform is delayed indefinitely, it will bring about three major risks.

First is the risk of domestic economic bubble. If the monetary base grows too big, it will cause inflation when flowing to the commodity market; when the money flows to the capital market, it will lead to a bubble of assets. The emergence of economic bubble will aggravate the frailty of the financial system and will rece the capability to resist monetary impacts.

Second is the risk of weakening the independence of monetary policy. The principle of the "Mundell ternary paradox" tells us that of the three things: full capital opening, independent monetary policy and stable exchange rate, a country can only choose two, and cannot have all three.

Third is the risk of a reversion of the situation. If the exchange rate must be reformed, then an active reform is better than a passive one; reform carried out under revaluation pressure is better than reform carried out under devaluation pressure.

Internationally, since the 1990s, Poland has experienced the evolution from a managed floating exchange rate system under which its currency was pegged to one, or a basket of currencies to a free floating exchange rate system. Because its exchange rate system was actively adjusted in light of changes in domestic and foreign situations, therefore it could avoid to the maximum possible economic-social upheavals.

While Thailand had, before 1997, all along pegged its currency to the US dollar without changing its exchange rate system, as a result, the country was compelled to drastically devalue its currency ring the Asian financial crisis, thus resulting in the outbreak of the monetary and financial crisis.

The opportunity for exchange rate reform often appears only in a twinkle. When opportunity comes, it is imperative to seize it!

To put it in a nutshell, RMB exchange rate reform is by no means "you want me to reform it", but rather it is "I want to change it"!

Part 1. Part 2. Part 3. Part 4. Part 5. Part 6. Part 7. Part 8.

参考资料：People's Daily Online --- http://english.people.com.cn/

C. 求公平与效率的申论范文一篇！800——1000字

切实落实效率优先，兼顾公平的分配原则

经过改革开放三十年的建设，我国的物质财富不断累积，但是经济发展的效率与社会领域的公平之间的不平衡问题日益成为了社会关注的焦点。如地区居民收入差距、行业收入差距、城乡居民收入差距不断拉大，住房、教育、医疗等民生领域的不公平现象更加凸显。资源分配不公平不但破坏着人民群众的幸福感，而且危害着经济社会发展的稳定，甚至会成为我国现代化建设的掣肘。

究竟是什么原因导致了公平效率问题呢？主要是：一、重视发展经济，忽视改善民生的政绩观念。一个地区经济发展总量、三个产业的上缴利税、社会总体就业都是硬的发展指标，都是漂亮的政绩，而城镇居民住房条件的改善，平均教育质量的提高、卫生医疗条件的改善也是定性指标，也是政绩；二、重视政府投入，忽视群众消费的发展观念。经济模式主要是依靠政府投资带动相关产业发展，是经济片面依靠出口的发展模式，是不能持久的发展模式，也是经济发展、社会发展不相协调的经济模式。三、重视政策激励，忽视社会保障的执政观念。在经济发展过程中，主要依靠提供优惠政策吸引外资，激励地区产业优先发展，带动社会总体就业，却忽视了如就业、住房、教育、医疗等社会基本保障领域的投入。总而言之，公平效率问题的出现是在初次分配中体现了效率原则，而在再次分配过程中没有充分体现公平原则。

在促进科学发展、构建社会和谐的时代背景下，要切实落实效率优先，兼顾公平的分配原则，在经济领域首次分配注重效率优先，在民生领域的再次分配注重兼顾公平，要统筹兼顾、多管齐下、多策并举，以科学发展观念统领我国经济领域、社会领域发展。

要加强组织领导。地方各级党政领导要一手抓、负总责，同时发扬民主集中制，完善包含民生指标的政绩考核体系，加强经济社会总体规划的论证工作，提高处理复杂局面和统筹城乡发展、经济社会发展的能力，倡导以人民群众高不高兴、答不答应、满不满意为主要出发点的工作氛围。

要完善制度安排。要完善深入了解民情、充分反映民意、广泛集中民智，切实珍惜民力的决策机制，完善上级领导巡视监督、同级部门工作监督、人民群众基层监督相结合的监督机制，完善社情民意的信息反馈机制，充分发挥职能部门联席会议的作用。

要加强教育培训。地方各级职能部门要加强社会主义理论和相关业务知识的学习，提高处理工作事务的能力，要加强党的宗旨观念、科学发展观的学习，牢固树立马克思主义世界观、人生观、价值观和正确的权力观、利益观、地位观。

公平与效率问题关系到我国经济社会发展的全局，涉及到我国的长治久安，一定要引起足够的重视。

这是我在中政申论上面给你找的关于公平与效率的范文，这个范文只为较好范文，介于优秀范文与较差范文之间，你可以用之取长补短。

D. 社会效益怎么写

社会效益就是项目实施后对社会能起到的积极作用。一般包括：促进地方回经济发展、促进社会进步答、带动就业、提高人民生活水平等等一些内容。这个没有明确的指标和考核内容，只需根据项目实施内容进行文字描述即可。

拓展资料：

社会效益是指最大限度地利用有限的资源满足社会上人们日益增长的物质文化需求。

包括项目实施后为社会所作的贡献、企业经济活动给社会带来的收入、学校培养人才的数量与质量、毕业生在社会上做出的成绩与贡献、软科学研究成果对社会的科技政治文化生态环境等方面所做出或可能做出的贡献等等，涵盖了人类生存的各个方面。

这问题一般都是针对项目申报，获验收写的。
可以分为社会效益和经济效益两方面，社会效益您可以重环境，对当地的带动作用，对同行业的引导，就业等方面回答；经济的比较泛，可以从现在说达到的效益和未来预计的效益来写。

E. 当地经济与社会发展有哪些"特色"变化论文

1．专题型论文范文。这是分析前人研究成果的基础上，以直接论述的形式发表见版解，从正面提权出某学科中某一学术问题的一种论文范文。专题应用型论文范文是一种运用所学的理论基础和专业技能知识，独立地探讨或解决本学科某一问题的论文范文，其基本标准应该是：通过论文范文，可以大致反映作者能否运用所学得的基础知识来分析和解决本学科内某一基本问题的学术水平和能力。当然，它的选题一般也不宜过大，内容不太复杂，要求有一定的创见性，能够较好地分析和解决学科领域中不太复杂的问题。
2．论辩型论文范文。这是针对他人在某学科中某一学术问题的见解，凭借充分的论据，着重揭露其不足或错误之处，通过论辩形式来发表见解的一种论文范文。
3．综述型论文范文。这是在归纳、总结前人或今人对某学科中某一学术问题已有研究成果的基础上，加以介绍或评论，从而发表自己见解的一种论文范文。
4．综合型论文范文。这是一种将综述型和论辩型两种形式有机结合起来写成的一种论文范文。