① HND outcome2 经济学导论
我的文档里就有！你可以去下！
② hnd经济学导论稀缺资源和机会成本的定义
稀缺性是指在获得人们所需要的资源方面所存在的局限性，即资源的供给相对需求在版数量上的不足。
稀缺权资源就是具有稀缺性的资源
机会成本是指在面临多方案择一决策时，被舍弃的选项中的最高价值者是本次决策的机会成本。
机会成本又称为择一成本、替代性成本。机会成本对商业公司来说，可以是利用一定的时间或资源生产一种商品时，而失去的利用这些资源生产其他最佳替代品的机会就是机会成本。
③ hnd 大二 经济学导论 outcome2考什么 怎么 复习
http://wenku..com/view/ccc444292af90242a895e5ca.html
④ 真心跪求 HND SQA 答案啊 客户服务文化构建 市场学导论 经济学导论 跪求大神帮忙啊·····
这是经济学outcome3 Assessment task instructions
Read the following passage and answer the questions.
Governments are concerned when markets fail and often intervene. This is particularly important when public and merit goods are involved.
Recently the UK government intervened in two particular cases. The first case involved supermarkets; the second, TV companies.
A decision by government to allow Morrisons to bid to take over Safeway involved them blocking rival bids by Tesco, Sainsbury, and ASDA.
At the same time, they allowed the merger of Carlton and Granada to go ahead. This created a company, which would have a substantial share of the market. There were rumours that this new consortium would, in the near future, possibly take over the Scottish, Grampian and Border TV stations leading to a ‘monopoly’ situation with one large ITV company for the whole of the UK.
The UK government is committed to competition but there seem to be occasions when it allows a dominant force in a market.
Government uses several different policies to cope with market failure and often has to address the problem of externalities. London has recently introced a congestion charge and Edinburgh Council is considering something similar in order to rece the use of private cars in these cities. The Green Party has long held a policy to rece traffic congestion by advocating greater use of public transport. These policies are designed to address negative externalities.
With global warming a major concern for the future, there appears to be greater pressure on government to intervene in market failureAnswer the following questions:
What is meant by public and merit goods? Give an example of each.
（1）哈耶克对公共产品的定义为：公共产品并不是对任何特定的需求的直接满足,而是对某些条件的保障,从而使个人和较小的群体在这些条件下得以享有较有利的机会以满足彼此的需求.
（2）Merit goodA good (or service) which some "outside analyst" considers to be intrinsically desirable, uplifting or socially valuable for other people to consume, independently of the actual desires or preferences of the consumer himself. In the case of such goods, it is sometimes held that free consumer choice is inappropriate, and therefore that if many consumers left to themselves are unwilling to purchase "appropriate" quantities of such goods, they should be encouraged or even compelled to consume them anyway. Such arguments are often employed in an effort to justify government intervention in the market place to provide such alleged merit goods to the citizenry, either through direct government provision of the good at no cost to the consumer or through payment of tax-financed government subsidies that enable private providers to sell the good far below its true costs of proction. Typical examples of alleged merit goods might include various forms of "higher culture" often ignored by "lowbrows" (grand opera and ballet performances, museums, uplifting documentaries or talking heads shows on PBS TV stations), the services of the clergy of The One True Religion, schoolroom instruction for children, etc
（3）From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Merit goods:The concept of a merit good introced in economics by Richard Musgrave (1957, 1959) is a commodity which is judged that an indivial or society should have on the basis of some concept of need, rather than ability and willingness to pay. The term is, perhaps, less often used today than it was in the 1960s to 1980s but the concept still lies behind many economic actions by governments which are not performed specifically for financial reasons or by supporting incomes (eg via tax rebates). Examples include the provision of food stamps to support nutrition, the delivery of health services to improve quality of life and rece morbidity, subsidized housing and arguably ecation.
(4
举例子：比如医疗系统，
Public goods
(1)
It is not practically possible to charge for the use of the good
The cost of the good is indivisible, so that its marginal cost is zero
(2)
GLOBAL PUBLIC GOODS: A NEW WAY TO BALANCE THE WORLD’S BOOKS
What is a public good?
Public goods are non-excludable and non-rival in consumption. An example is a street sign. It will not wear out, even if large numbers of people are looking at it; and it would be extremely difficult, costly and highly inefficient to limit its use to only one or a few persons and try to prevent others from looking at it, too. A traffic light or clean air is a further example.
(3)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In economics, a public good is a good that is non-rivalrous and non-excludable. Non-rivalry means that consumption of the good by one indivial does not rece availability of the good for consumption by others; and non-excludability that no one can be effectively excluded from using the good.[1] In the real world, there may be no such thing as an absolutely non-rivaled and non-excludable good; but economists think that some goods approximate the concept closely enough for the analysis to be economically useful.
(4) A public good is a good that it is difficult to charge for, perhaps for political reasons, perhaps because it is physically difficult to charge for it. Lots of people benefit, whether they paid for it or not. As a result, people are disinclined to pay for it, so absent state intervention, the good tends to be underprovided. A lighthouse is a public good, since you cannot stop people from taking advantage of it regardless of whether they have paid for it. Economists say it is “non excludable” – those who provide it have difficulty excluding those who will not pay. They also say it is “non rivalrous”. One person using a lighthouse does not diminish someone else's use of the lighthouse. If a good is non excludable, but rivalrous, they call it a “commons”, leading to the “the tragedy of the commons” – that stuff that cannot be owned and defended tends to be overused, misused and abused. The fish in the ocean are a commons, and so tend to be overfished.
举例：道路，交通系统
Explain why the Government allowed the merger of Carlton and Granada while refusing Tesco, Sainsbury and ASDA the opportunity of taking over Safeway.
拒绝超市合并的原因：1不想一个大的公司占据市场太大的份额，限制公平竞争，可能会造成企业抬高价格，谋取高额利润，违反公众利益，
为什么允许电视运营商合并？
1 电视市场要求竞争减少
2 因为电视市场和超市不一样， 特殊性
3，获取广告的途径比较窄，如果合并后，规模更大，能更容易获得广告，
4 新的大公司能够有新的产品被创造出来，因为规模大，运行更加有效，能够降低成本。
market failure and why governments intervene.
Market failure:
(1)
Market failure :This occurs when there is an inefficient allocation of resources in a free market. There are many different types of market failure:
Externalities (positive and negative)
Merit and De merit goods
Public Goods
Monopoly Power
Inequality
Factor Immobility
Agriculture
Key Terms in Market Failure
Externalities: These occur when a third party is affected by the decisions and actions of others.
(2)An economic term that encompasses a situation where, in any given market, the quantity of a proct demanded by consumers does not equate to the quantity supplied by suppliers. This is a direct result of a lack of certain economically ideal factors, which prevents equilibrium.
有些问题市场无法解决，因此需要政府进行干预来解决这些问题
造成市场失败的原因：限制竞争 不能提供public and merit产品, Externalities (positive and negative) Inequality ,Factor Immobility
⑤ HND经济学导论outcome1答案关于WJE
有一部分，几篇答案丢了一片
⑥ 谁有SQA HND经济学导论outcome 1 的答案啊 是一个WJE 汽车公司的!!
请问你有hnd经济学导论outcome1的答案吗？急需，谢谢了。
⑦ hnd经济学outcome3第三题什么意思
题目是这样的：
曼昆认为消费者都是理性人，他们对激励做出反应并且考虑边际因素，解释供给和需求模型如何在其三个原理中具体表现。
我觉得上面给出的原理很全面，其中三个原理是指上述1、3、4，不用重复了，我在国内的大学学经济学，一般是要求有自己的观点，创新。
1500字的文章不算长，第一段先大概介绍一下曼昆的基本观点，200字就够了，英语不好我就不献丑了。
第二段到第四段分别阐述三个观点
最后总结一下，说一下自己的观点感受都可，最好客观一些，英语论文的话，最好用书面词汇，免得显得幼稚...
希望对你有所帮助。