经济学考虑边际量

⑴ 传统的经济学理论都有哪些

1、人们面临权衡取舍。这表明经济学是研究资源稀缺条件下的选择问题。

2、某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的东西。经济学中最重要的一个概念——机会成本。

3、理性的人考虑边际量。经济学中最重要的分析方法——边际分析法。

4、人们会对激励作出反应。经济学分析的背景——制度决定人们的行为，要用制度来引导与约束人们的行为。

这四条是关于个人如何做出决策的四个原理。市场经济的组成单位是个人，个人有决策（做出选择）的自由。个人组成整体。经济学研究的出发点是个人行为。这四条原理说明了如何研究个人行为。

(1)经济学考虑边际量扩展阅读：

“经济人”假设被视为传统经济学理论体系得以建立和完善的重要基石，它有两个内涵：一是人都追求自己的利益，即每个人都是自私的；二是人都是有理性的，都精于算计，对自己的行为有明确的认识。

关于这一假设的产生，经济学家几乎一致认为源自并归功于亚当·斯密，但实际上亚当·斯密并没有直接提出“经济人”的概念，只不过在《国富论》关于“看不见的手”理论论述中包含了“经济人”的思想。

经济学理论观点的窘异常常是假设不同所致，在不同假定下的“商榷”不会，也根本不可能有说服对方的结果。

经济学本身是一门社会经济学科，经济学理论更无法如自然科学那般进入实验室检验而只能由社会实践检验，对经济学理论的社会实践检验却无一例外地有完全相反的检验结论，将经济学理论投入社会实验进行检验的成本极可能高到社会无法承受的地步。

⑵ 曼昆经济学原理中的一条：理性人考虑边际量。求各位大神给一个可以用这条原理分析的案例，最好附上分析。

英文版的案例，不明白的话直接用翻译把英文翻译成中文。
PRINCIPLE #3: RATIONAL PEOPLE THINK AT THE MARGIN

Decisions in life are rarely black and white but usually involve shades of gray.
When it’s time for dinner, the decision you face is not between fasting or eating
like a pig, but whether to take that extra spoonful of mashed potatoes. When exams
roll around, your decision is not between blowing them off or studying 24
hours a day, but whether to spend an extra hour reviewing your notes instead of
watching TV. Economists use the term marginal changes to describe small incremental
adjustments to an existing plan of action. Keep in mind that “margin”
means “edge,” so marginal changes are adjustments around the edges of what you
are doing.
In many situations, people make the best decisions by thinking at the margin.
Suppose, for instance, that you asked a friend for advice about how many years to
stay in school. If he were to compare for you the lifestyle of a person with a Ph.D.
to that of a grade school dropout, you might complain that this comparison is not
helpful for your decision. You have some ecation already and most likely are
deciding whether to spend an extra year or two in school. To make this decision,
you need to know the additional benefits that an extra year in school would offer
(higher wages throughout life and the sheer joy of learning) and the additional
costs that you would incur (tuition and the forgone wages while you’re in school).
By comparing these marginal benefits and marginal costs, you can evaluate whether
the extra year is worthwhile.
As another example, consider an airline deciding how much to charge passengers
who fly standby. Suppose that flying a 200-seat plane across the country costs
the airline $100,000. In this case, the average cost of each seat is $100,000/200,
which is $500. One might be tempted to conclude that the airline should never
sell a ticket for less than $500. In fact, however, the airline can raise its profits by
thinking at the margin. Imagine that a plane is about to take off with ten empty
seats, and a standby passenger is waiting at the gate willing to pay $300 for a seat.
Should the airline sell it to him? Of course it should. If the plane has empty seats,
the cost of adding one more passenger is minuscule. Although the average cost of
flying a passenger is $500, the marginal cost is merely the cost of the bag of peanuts
and can of soda that the extra passenger will consume. As long as the standby passenger
pays more than the marginal cost, selling him a ticket is profitable.
As these examples show, indivials and firms can make better decisions by
thinking at the margin. A rational decisionmaker takes an action if and only if the
marginal benefit of the action exceeds the marginal cost.

⑶ 经济学中无边界是什么

经济学家把所研究复的各种变量分制为自变量和因变量，自变量是最初变动的量，因变量是由于自变量变动而引起变动的量。边际分析就是分析自变量变动与因变量变动的关系。自变量变动所引起的因变量变动量称为边际量。在考虑一个决策时，重要的是考虑边际量，

⑷ 理性人考虑边际量 曼昆 经济学原理

边际一般理解为增加一单位商品给你带来的效用 这个概念哈

比如你爬专山 爬到半山腰 口渴 有卖矿属泉水的 价格是五元（山下才一元）

但是因为你实在太渴还是高价买了 说明这时候一瓶水给你带来的边际产量能值五元

当你喝了一瓶 ，但是还是有点渴，但比刚才好多了。考虑到价格高，先忍忍吧 ，不再买水了。这就是边际效用递减了

从这里看出，你买水并不是主要因为价格的高低来买，而是根据每一瓶水带给你的最大效用。当这个边际产量大于价格的时候，你会选择购买。

举一反三就是 理性人考虑边际量 我这个只是边际产量，你可以举很多其他的例子了

⑸ 经济学中的考虑边际量是什么意思请问能举个例子解释一下吗

边际的一般含义是表示一单位的自变量的变化所引起的因变量的变化量。
抽象的边际量的公式为
边际量=因变量的变化量/自变量的变化量

⑹ 请用文化经济学中理性人考虑边际量的原理来解答以下例题：

张打王 要是rp爆发把李四给挂了 王一枪解决他 李四有同样的想法也会打王 要是轮到王他还没死 那他肯定开枪打李四 因为第二轮李四很可能挂他