經濟發展範文

A. 企業經營情況怎麼寫（包括哪些方面）

企業經營狀況包括：公司成立的時間；主營業務；注冊資金；目前的銷售收入、利潤，繳納稅金；主要的業務合作夥伴。

對企業經營情況進行分析：

一、首先要為分析提供內部資料和外部資料。內部資料最主要的是企業財務會計報告，財務報告是反映企業財務狀況和經營成果的書面文件，包括會計主表（資產負債表、利潤表、現金流量表）、附表、會計報表附註等；外部資料是從企業外部獲得的資料，包括行業數據、其他競爭對手的數據等。

二、根據財務報告：按照分析的目的內容分為：財務效益分析、資產運營狀況分析、償債能力狀況分析和發展能力分析；按照分析的對象不同分為：資產負債表分析、利潤表分析、現金流量表分析。

（一）按照分析的目的內容分析

1、財務效益狀況。即企業資產的收益能力。資產收益能力是會計信息使用者關心的重要問題，通過對它的分析為投資者、債權人、企業經營管理者提供決策的依據。分析指標主要有：凈資產收益率、資本保值增值率、主營業務利潤率、盈餘現金保障倍數、成本費用利潤率等。

2、資產營運狀況。是指企業資產的周轉情況，反映企業佔用經濟資源的利用效率。分析主要指標有：總資產周轉率、流動資產周轉率、存貨周轉率、應收帳款周轉率、不良資產比率等。

3、償債能力狀況。企業償還短期債務和長期債務的能力強弱，是企業經濟實力和財務狀況的重要體現，也是衡量企業是否穩健經營、財務風險大小的重要尺度。分析主要指標有：資產負債率、已獲利息倍數、現金流動負債比率、速動比率等。

4、發展能力狀況。發展能力是關繫到企業的持續生存問題，也關繫到投資者未來收益和債權人長期債權的風險程度。分析企業發展能力狀況的指標有：銷售增長率、資本積累率、三年資本平均增長率、三年銷售平均增長率、技術投入比率等。

（二）按照分析的對象不同分析

1、資產負債表分析。主要從資產項目、負債結構、所有者權益結構方面進行分析。

資產主要分析項目有：現金比重、應收帳款比重、存貨比重、無形資產比重等。負債結構分析有：短期償債能力分析、長期償債能力分析等。所有者權益結構是分析：各項權益占所有者權益總額的比重，說明投資者投入資本的保值增值情況及所有者的權益構成。

2、利潤表分析。主要從盈利能力、經營業績等方面分析。主要分析指標：凈資產收益率、總資產報酬率、主營業務利潤率、成本費用利潤率、銷售增長率等。

3、現金流量表分析。主要從現金支付能力、資本支出與投資比率、現金流量收益比率等方面進行分析。分析指標主要有：現金比率、流動負債現金比率、債務現金比率、股利現金比率、資本購置率、銷售現金率等。

(1)經濟發展範文擴展閱讀：

企業經營情況效益性分析方法

企業不僅關心投資的報酬，更關心高報酬率的持續性。因此，企業獲取高利潤的持續性分析成為被關注的另一點。企業的產品成本、宏觀經濟條件、各種政策規定等競爭環境相同時，企業要在競爭中取勝，只有以提高效益來賺取更多的利潤。

企業效益，是指在企業的生產經營中，投入的勞動、資源、設備、材料等各種經營要素，經過經營者和職工有效地運用，產出更高的經濟價值和社會貢獻。它用來衡量勞動力與資產的有效利用程度。具體指標有：

1.附加價值率

投資者選擇投資項目時，最關心的是能否產生高附加價值的問題。附加價值是企業生產活動過程中創造出的新增價值。用公式表示為：

附加價值=稅前凈利+人工費+資本化利息+租金+費用稅金

附加價值的計算，可通過查找損益表、管理費用明細表、製造費用明細表來計算。

附加價值率是附加價值與銷售收入的比值。它反映每一元銷售收入帶來的附加價值。一般來說，越是資本密集的行業，其產品附加價值越高，凈利潤也隨之提高；反之資本密集程度相對較低的行業，產品附加價值較低，凈利潤也就較低。

2.勞動生產效率

勞動生產效率是附加價值與總人數之比。它反映一人所創造的附加價值。

計算公式為：

勞動生產效率=附加價值/總人數

該指標越高，說明勞動利用效率高，創造了更多的附加價值，因而成為衡量同行業間競爭力的重要指標。

3.附加價值與總資本的比值（總資本投資效益）

該指標反映投資的總資本在一年內創出的附加價值，該指標高說明資本的有效利用程度高，創出的附加價值多，創出的凈利潤多。

B. 中國經濟的發展英語範文

RMB exchange rate reform--decided out of China's own need
When the national economic statistics of the first half of this year were just released on July 20, people were immersed in analysis and judgment of the economic situation.

At 7:00 on the evening of July 21, after only one day, the People's Bank of China (PBOC), the central bank, announced a world-shaking news: With approval from the State Council, from July 21, China began to institute a regulated, managed floating exchange rate regime based on market supply and demand and in reference to a basket of currencies.

A reform independently decided out of own need
The reform is an important policy decision made out of the actual needs of China's reform and development, rather than under certain international pressure.

As is emphasized by Zhou Xiaochuan, governor of the central bank: "This represents a kind of self-decision and is the need of China's march to a socialist market economy and optimization of resources allocation and the need for reform and long-term stable development, rather than a result gained after communication and consultation with other countries."

In 1994, China reformed its double-track exchange rate system and introced the unification of exchange rates. After the unification, China instituted a managed floating exchange rate regime based on market supply and demand.

In plain words, this exchange rate system means: Selling or buying foreign exchange by enterprises and indivials has to be carried out through designated foreign exchange banks; these designated banks, in turn, enter the inter-bank foreign exchange market, or sell their surplus foreign exchange to other banks to gain the people's currency, or use the RMB to buy foreign currencies from other banks to make up the shortage of foreign exchange; this buying and selling, supply and demand give rise to price parity between the RMB and foreign currencies, or called the RMB exchange rate; meanwhile, the central bank sets up a certain floating limit to the exchange rate, foreign exchange is bought up when supply exceeds demand, sold out when it is in short supply. Doing so aims to maintain a basic stability of the RMB exchange rate through such a regulating method.

Before 1997, RMB exchange rate was stable with a bit rise, and for this reason, people at home and abroad had growing confidence in the RMB. But thereafter the Asian financial crisis broke out, in order to prevent an alternate depreciation of currencies in Asian neighbors and a resultant deepening of the crisis, China, as a large responsible country, promised not to devalue the RMB and took the initiative to narrow the floating band of exchange rate, but the goal for instituting a managed floating exchange rate regime remained unchanged.

We should say that the managed floating exchange rate system based on market supply and demand conforms to China's national conditions for it adapts to the stage of China's economic development, the level of financial supervision and administration and enterprises' sustainability. However, along with the evolvement of the situation, the necessity of perfecting the RMB exchange rate determination mechanism has revealed itself with each passing day. In other words, what is to be changed in the RMB exchange rate reform is not the RMB exchange rate system, still less permission of a revaluation, but rather it is designed to perfect the RMB exchange rate formation mechanism.

Improving the RMB exchange rate formation mechanism is the inherent requirement for the establishment of a sound socialist market economy system, as well as an important content of deepening reform to the economic-financial system and strengthening the macro-control system.

In recent years, along with the rapid growth of China's exports and foreign investments, correspondingly, in the balance of payments statement, it is shown a "double surpluses" of the current account and the capital account; in the inter-bank foreign exchange market, it is manifested as a continuous stream of foreign exchange and that the supply exceeds the demand.

In order to stabilize the RMB exchange rate, the central bank cannot but passively purchase a huge amount of foreign exchange, correspondingly, it will provide a huge supply of RMB, consequently increasing the monetary base.

Statistics show that the basic currency supplied in such a way has accounted for 90 percent of the total of basic currency. The independence of the monetary policy is subject to serious challenge. The too rapid growth of money supply would give rise to such problems as investment expansion, inflationary pressure and assets bubble.

Perfecting the RMB exchange rate formation mechanism and allowing it to be more elastic make it possible to give better play to the basic role of the market in the allocation of resources; this helps improve the initiative and efficiency of financial regulation and control and thus helps strengthen and improve macro regulation and control.

Perfecting the RMB exchange rate formation mechanism is concive to implementation of the strategy for the sustainable development of the economy based mainly on domestic demand and to optimization of resources allocation.

Experts put it frankly that if the original exchange rate formation mechanism is stuck to for a long time, it will likely affect improvement of the economic structure.

Firstly, it will encourage the uneven development between foreign-related departments and domestic departments.

Secondly, it will affect the coordinated proportion among the three major instries (primary, secondary and tertiary).

Thirdly, it will hamper the normal transfer of instry from coastal areas to the inland. Inordinate stability of the exchange rate makes it possible for rough machining labor-intensive proction to exist in coastal areas and to lack driving force and pressure to shift toward central and western regions.

Perfecting the RMB exchange rate formation mechanism and properly increasing the elasticity of exchange rate will increase the uncertainty of risk capital flows gains, which helps curb massive unilateral flows of capital, guard against and obviate financial risks and maintain financial stability.

Excessive rigidity of exchange rate reces the exchange rate risks of venture capital flows, is likely to cause massive in and out of venture capital and to bring impacts on economic development and financial stability. The Mexican financial crisis in 1994 and the Asian financial crisis in 1997 were both directly associated with this.

Regarding this, Zhou Xiaochuan has a very vivid metaphor. He said: "A fixed exchange rate is like a shield in the hand when fighting, however you attack me, I will remain unmoved; if I fail to hold on, the impact will cause influence. A floating exchange rate is like a foam-rubber cushion, if you want to fight your way in, I'll react softly, ok, you've come in, but I won't let you hit me; when you want to quit, I'll give you a pinch and let you go only after you have taken a layer of your skin off."

Perfecting the RMB exchange rate formation mechanism facilitates the development of the foreign economy. This move helps spur the enterprise to strengthen technical innovation, management innovation and the creation of a brand name and to strengthen marketing, after-sale service, thereby fundamentally enhance the enterprise's competitiveness; it also helps maintain a basic balance between import and export and improve trading conditions.

Reform is a must and is imminent.

Experts put it frankly that if RMB exchange rate reform is delayed indefinitely, it will bring about three major risks.

First is the risk of domestic economic bubble. If the monetary base grows too big, it will cause inflation when flowing to the commodity market; when the money flows to the capital market, it will lead to a bubble of assets. The emergence of economic bubble will aggravate the frailty of the financial system and will rece the capability to resist monetary impacts.

Second is the risk of weakening the independence of monetary policy. The principle of the "Mundell ternary paradox" tells us that of the three things: full capital opening, independent monetary policy and stable exchange rate, a country can only choose two, and cannot have all three.

Third is the risk of a reversion of the situation. If the exchange rate must be reformed, then an active reform is better than a passive one; reform carried out under revaluation pressure is better than reform carried out under devaluation pressure.

Internationally, since the 1990s, Poland has experienced the evolution from a managed floating exchange rate system under which its currency was pegged to one, or a basket of currencies to a free floating exchange rate system. Because its exchange rate system was actively adjusted in light of changes in domestic and foreign situations, therefore it could avoid to the maximum possible economic-social upheavals.

While Thailand had, before 1997, all along pegged its currency to the US dollar without changing its exchange rate system, as a result, the country was compelled to drastically devalue its currency ring the Asian financial crisis, thus resulting in the outbreak of the monetary and financial crisis.

The opportunity for exchange rate reform often appears only in a twinkle. When opportunity comes, it is imperative to seize it!

To put it in a nutshell, RMB exchange rate reform is by no means "you want me to reform it", but rather it is "I want to change it"!

Part 1. Part 2. Part 3. Part 4. Part 5. Part 6. Part 7. Part 8.

參考資料：People's Daily Online --- http://english.people.com.cn/

C. 求公平與效率的申論範文一篇！800——1000字

切實落實效率優先，兼顧公平的分配原則

經過改革開放三十年的建設，我國的物質財富不斷累積，但是經濟發展的效率與社會領域的公平之間的不平衡問題日益成為了社會關注的焦點。如地區居民收入差距、行業收入差距、城鄉居民收入差距不斷拉大，住房、教育、醫療等民生領域的不公平現象更加凸顯。資源分配不公平不但破壞著人民群眾的幸福感，而且危害著經濟社會發展的穩定，甚至會成為我國現代化建設的掣肘。

究竟是什麼原因導致了公平效率問題呢？主要是：一、重視發展經濟，忽視改善民生的政績觀念。一個地區經濟發展總量、三個產業的上繳利稅、社會總體就業都是硬的發展指標，都是漂亮的政績，而城鎮居民住房條件的改善，平均教育質量的提高、衛生醫療條件的改善也是定性指標，也是政績；二、重視政府投入，忽視群眾消費的發展觀念。經濟模式主要是依靠政府投資帶動相關產業發展，是經濟片面依靠出口的發展模式，是不能持久的發展模式，也是經濟發展、社會發展不相協調的經濟模式。三、重視政策激勵，忽視社會保障的執政觀念。在經濟發展過程中，主要依靠提供優惠政策吸引外資，激勵地區產業優先發展，帶動社會總體就業，卻忽視了如就業、住房、教育、醫療等社會基本保障領域的投入。總而言之，公平效率問題的出現是在初次分配中體現了效率原則，而在再次分配過程中沒有充分體現公平原則。

在促進科學發展、構建社會和諧的時代背景下，要切實落實效率優先，兼顧公平的分配原則，在經濟領域首次分配注重效率優先，在民生領域的再次分配注重兼顧公平，要統籌兼顧、多管齊下、多策並舉，以科學發展觀念統領我國經濟領域、社會領域發展。

要加強組織領導。地方各級黨政領導要一手抓、負總責，同時發揚民主集中制，完善包含民生指標的政績考核體系，加強經濟社會總體規劃的論證工作，提高處理復雜局面和統籌城鄉發展、經濟社會發展的能力，倡導以人民群眾高不高興、答不答應、滿不滿意為主要出發點的工作氛圍。

要完善制度安排。要完善深入了解民情、充分反映民意、廣泛集中民智，切實珍惜民力的決策機制，完善上級領導巡視監督、同級部門工作監督、人民群眾基層監督相結合的監督機制，完善社情民意的信息反饋機制，充分發揮職能部門聯席會議的作用。

要加強教育培訓。地方各級職能部門要加強社會主義理論和相關業務知識的學習，提高處理工作事務的能力，要加強黨的宗旨觀念、科學發展觀的學習，牢固樹立馬克思主義世界觀、人生觀、價值觀和正確的權力觀、利益觀、地位觀。

公平與效率問題關繫到我國經濟社會發展的全局，涉及到我國的長治久安，一定要引起足夠的重視。

這是我在中政申論上面給你找的關於公平與效率的範文，這個範文只為較好範文，介於優秀範文與較差範文之間，你可以用之取長補短。

D. 社會效益怎麼寫

社會效益就是項目實施後對社會能起到的積極作用。一般包括：促進地方回經濟發展、促進社會進步答、帶動就業、提高人民生活水平等等一些內容。這個沒有明確的指標和考核內容，只需根據項目實施內容進行文字描述即可。

拓展資料：

社會效益是指最大限度地利用有限的資源滿足社會上人們日益增長的物質文化需求。

包括項目實施後為社會所作的貢獻、企業經濟活動給社會帶來的收入、學校培養人才的數量與質量、畢業生在社會上做出的成績與貢獻、軟科學研究成果對社會的科技政治文化生態環境等方面所做出或可能做出的貢獻等等，涵蓋了人類生存的各個方面。

這問題一般都是針對項目申報，獲驗收寫的。
可以分為社會效益和經濟效益兩方面，社會效益您可以重環境，對當地的帶動作用，對同行業的引導，就業等方面回答；經濟的比較泛，可以從現在說達到的效益和未來預計的效益來寫。

E. 當地經濟與社會發展有哪些"特色"變化論文

1．專題型論文範文。這是分析前人研究成果的基礎上，以直接論述的形式發表見版解，從正面提權出某學科中某一學術問題的一種論文範文。專題應用型論文範文是一種運用所學的理論基礎和專業技能知識，獨立地探討或解決本學科某一問題的論文範文，其基本標准應該是：通過論文範文，可以大致反映作者能否運用所學得的基礎知識來分析和解決本學科內某一基本問題的學術水平和能力。當然，它的選題一般也不宜過大，內容不太復雜，要求有一定的創見性，能夠較好地分析和解決學科領域中不太復雜的問題。
2．論辯型論文範文。這是針對他人在某學科中某一學術問題的見解，憑借充分的論據，著重揭露其不足或錯誤之處，通過論辯形式來發表見解的一種論文範文。
3．綜述型論文範文。這是在歸納、總結前人或今人對某學科中某一學術問題已有研究成果的基礎上，加以介紹或評論，從而發表自己見解的一種論文範文。
4．綜合型論文範文。這是一種將綜述型和論辯型兩種形式有機結合起來寫成的一種論文範文。