Ⅰ 討論所謂全產業鏈的內涵、本質、特點與優勢,思考縱向一體化戰略的含義、特徵
經濟學上,沿產業鏈占據若干環節的業務布局叫做縱向一體化。縱向一體化是一個戰略性的計劃,它是組織核心能力在企業內部擴張的一種形式,與它相同的還有橫向一體化戰略和加強型戰略。
縱向一體化又叫垂直一體化,指企業將生產與原料供應,或者生產與產品銷售聯合在一起的戰略形式,是企業在兩個可能的方向上擴展現有經營業務的一種發展戰略,是將公司的經營活動向後擴展到原材料供應或向前擴展到銷售終端的一種戰略體系。包括後向一體化戰略和前向一體化戰略,也就是將經營領域向深度發展的戰略。
前向一體化戰略是企業自行對本公司產品做進一步深加工,或者資源進行綜合利用,或公司建立自己的銷售組織來銷售本公司的產品或服務。如鋼鐵企業自己軋制各種型材,並將型材製成各種不同的最終產品既屬於前向一體化。
後向一體化則是企業自己供應生產現有產品或服務所需要的全部或部分原材料或半成品,如鋼鐵公司自己擁有礦山和煉焦設施;紡織廠自己紡紗、洗紗等。
縱向一體化的目的:是為加強核心企業對原材料供應、產品製造、分銷和銷售全過程的控制,使企業能在市場競爭中掌握主動,從而達到增加各個業務活動階段的利潤。
Ⅱ 奶業產業鏈利益聯結機制的含義及其現狀,在線等
大哥 一樣的標準定義可是沒有找到啊 只找到中國人大的一篇相關論文啊 是關於 農業產業鏈利益聯結機制的
你的牛奶業也被包含在裡面了 可以看看啊
http://sard.ruc.e.cn/page.php?id=1088
2007屆碩士畢業論文> 房風文:農業產業鏈中農戶與龍頭企業的利益聯結機制研究
Author : / Date : 2007-06-27 13:44
摘 要
隨著市場經濟的發展,農業分工越來越細,專業化水平越來越高,從生產資料供應、農產品生產到農產品加工、銷售形成了一個完整的產業鏈。發達國家的農業產業鏈發展比較早,商業化運作比較成熟,極大地帶動了地區農業的發展,提高了農業的經濟收益。我國的農業產業鏈有了一定的發展,各地形成了多種各具特色的農業產業鏈,有牛肉產業鏈、蔬菜產業鏈、豬肉產業鏈等,產業鏈的內容和形式在不斷充實和完善中。在農業產業鏈中,農戶與龍頭企業之間的利益關系是農業產業鏈穩定發展的重要內容,研究兩者關系具有重要的理論意義和現實意義。
本文對前人的研究進行了文獻綜述。綜述了農業產業鏈的概念、組織形式、運行機制、農戶與龍頭企業的利益聯結機制等內容,利益聯結機制方面重點總結了利益聯結方式、影響因素、理論解釋等內容。在綜述中,對已有的文獻進行了簡單評述,並指出了本文的研究方向。在總結前人關於農業產業鏈和利益聯結機制研究成果的基礎上,本文提出了此次研究的理論依據和和理論框架。理論依據主要是產業組織理論和交易費用理論。在理論框架中,將影響農業產業鏈中農業與龍頭企業的利益聯結機制分為兩類,即市場交易方式的鬆散利益聯結機制和合同契約交易的緊密利益聯結機制,並分析影響兩者關系的因素。將多種影響因素歸納為制度環境、交易主客體特性、交易特性三大因素,並進一步細分為各具體的因素。在系統的理論框架中,分別闡述各因素對農戶與龍頭企業利益聯結關系的作用,在此基礎上提出理論假說,並繪出框架說明圖。
在案例研究部分,結合在廣西壯族自治區橫縣調查的茉莉花產業鏈和蠶繭產業鏈,分析了影響利益聯結機制的各因素在兩個產業鏈中的具體體現。在案例分析中,首先介紹產業鏈發展的基本情況及茉莉花和蠶繭兩條產業鏈的基本環節。再從制度環境條件、交易主客體特性和交易特性方面入手,具體分析農業產業鏈中的各影響因素。制度環境提供了農業產業鏈發展的外部環境條件,有利於農業產業鏈的健康發展。交易客體特性是指茉莉花和蠶繭兩種農產品的自然屬性和產品品質方面的內容。交易主體主要是農戶與龍頭企業兩個主體。農戶特性主要從其種植規模、生產資料投資等方面來刻畫。龍頭企業的特性從其所有制性質、產值、利潤、企業人數、資產、負債、企業用房面積、企業負責人、企業部門、設備、科研實力、生產工藝、企業同質性等方面來反映。交易方式特性方面從資產專用性、交易頻率和不確定性三個方面來闡述。資產專用性不做單獨論述,同論述農戶特性與龍頭企業特徵時一起論述。交易頻率反映農戶與龍頭企業的交易頻繁程度。不確定性指市場價格波動和自然風險兩方面。在分析不同特性基礎上,農戶與龍頭企業對交易費用和其它利益的權衡,最終選擇了茉莉花與蠶繭產業鏈的不同利益聯結方式,市場利益聯結方式和合同契約利益聯結方式。文中對兩種交易方式如何運行的做了較細說明。兩種交易方式產生了內生交易費用和外生交易費用,結合案例做了具體分析。內生交易費用是機會主義的對策行為所引起的交易費用,是市場均衡同帕累托最優之間的差額。外生交易費用,是指交易過程中直接或間接發生的那些費用,包括運輸中耗去的資源及各種設施等。最後計算了單個農戶的收益情況,不同農業產業鏈的種植規模不同,經濟效益也不相同。
文章的最後得出了本文的結論。茉莉花的制度環境具有一般性、茉莉花的產品品質要求低、農戶的規模小、茉莉花龍頭企業的實力一般、茉莉花交易雙方的資產專用性弱、固定交易頻率低和不確定性大,這些特性共同決定了茉莉花農戶與龍頭企業採用市場利益聯結的方式。蠶繭的制度環境具有一般性和針對性、蠶繭產品品質高、農戶的規模大、蠶繭龍頭企業的實力強、蠶繭交易雙方的資產專用性強、固定交易頻率高和不確定性小,這些特性共同決定蠶繭農戶與龍頭企業採用合同契約利益聯結的方式。兩種利益聯結方式是各因素共同作用的結果,單一因素並不必然導致該結果。
本文還給出了政策含義。不同的農業產業鏈有不同的特性,要因地制宜的選擇合適的利益聯結機制,爭取更多政策優惠支持,促進農業產業鏈的發展。茉莉花龍頭企業還要加強兼並與聯合,拓寬銷售渠道,做好營銷宣傳。蠶繭龍頭企業要進一步完善與蠶農的利益關系,增強企業的帶動力,發揮協會的作用。最後提出了本文的研究不足,並指出了進一步研究的可供選擇的方向。
關鍵詞: 農戶;龍頭企業;利益聯結機制
Abstract
Following the development of market economic, the agriculture divides into more and more parts, its specialty level becomes more and more high, then forms a completely instrial chain from proction material supplying, agriculture proction making to agriculture proction processing and marketing. The agricultural chain of foreign developing countries developed early and its commerce operation level was high, that promoted region agriculture development and improved the agriculture economic earning. In China agricultural chain has had some development, some regions have had all kinds of special agricultural chain, such as beef chain, vegetable chain, pork chain and so on, and its contents and forms are enriching and perfecting. In the agricultural chain the relationship between peasant household and the agribusiness firm is the important content of the agricultural chain development steadily and the relationship study has important theory and reality meaning.
This paper makes a summary about formers』 studies. Those are summarized, which are the concept of agricultural chain, organization forms, operations mechanism, the profit mechanism between peasant household and agribusiness firm and so on, which mainly summarizes the form of profit link, influence factors and theory explanation. In the summary, we make some simply review, and point out the study direction. Based on that, the paper brings forward theory bases and theory frame. The theory bases include instry organization theory and transition cost theory. In the theory frame we studies the profit mechanism between peasant household and agribusiness firm in agricultural chain, which divides into loose profit relationship of market exchange form and tight profit relationship of contract form, and analyzes the factor influencing their relationship based on summarizing former studies about agricultural chain. And various factors are reced to institute environment, exchange guest and host characteristic and exchange characteristic, and divided more subsection factors. In a systemic theory frame , various factors』 effects influencing on profit relationship between peasant household and agribusiness firm are analyzed, then theory hypothesizes are provided based on that analysis, and a frame graph is described.
Based on theory analysis and investigation of jasmine instrial chain and cocoon instrial chain in Guang Xi Zhuang Autonomous Region, how various factors influence on the profit mechanism are analyzed. Firstly, the basic information about instrial chain and instrial chain of jasmine and cocoon are introced. Then various influence factors are analyzed from the angle of institution environment, exchange host and guest characteristic and exchange characteristic. Institution environment conditions provide good environment conditions and it is in favor of agricultural chain healthy development. Exchange guest characteristic is the natural attribute and proction quality of jasmine and cocoon. Exchange host mainly includes the peasant household and the agribusiness firm. The peasant household』s characteristic comes from its size, input of proction material and so on. Agribusiness firm』s characteristic comes from its possession property, proction value, profit, number of corporation worker, asset, owes, square of corporation house, corporation chief, corporation department, equipment, scientific research, proction techniques, corporation homogeneity and so on. Exchange characteristic comes from asset specialty, exchange frequency and uncertainty. Asset specialty isn』t discussed singly, but is discussed with peasant household characteristic and agribusiness characteristic. Exchange frequency reflects the degree of exchange frequency. Uncertainty is discussed from market price fluctuate and natural risk. Based on the different characteristic analyzes, the peasant household and agribusiness firm balance the transaction cost and other profit, finally choose the different profit mechanisms of jasmine instrial chain and cocoon instrial chain, which are market profit mechanism and contract profit mechanism. The content of how the two exchange mechanisms operate is discussed. The two exchange mechanisms ince to endogenous transaction cost and exogenous transaction cost, and they are concretely analyzed with the cases. Endogenous transaction cost is the transaction cost, which comes from the opportunistic countermeasure action, and equals the balance between market equilibrium and Pareto Optimality. Exogenous transaction cost is the transaction cost, which occurs directly and in directly in the exchange and it includes the resource in the transaction and various establishments. Finally the earning of single peasant household is calculated, the plant sizes are different in different agribusiness chain, and economic benefit is different.
The end of the paper makes a conclusion. The institution environment of jasmine is general, quality demand of jasmine is low, size of peasant household is small, jasmine agribusiness firm』s power is general, asset specific of the two exchange host is soft, fix frequency is low and uncertainty is big, that all determined the market profit mechanism of between jasmine peasant household and agribusiness firm. The institution environment of cocoon is general and special, quality of cocoon is high, size of peasant household is huge, cocoon agribusiness firm』s power is strong, asset specific of the two exchange host is strong, fix frequency is high and uncertainty is small, that all determined the contract profit mechanism of between cocoon peasant household and agribusiness firm. The two kinds of mechanisms are results of all kinds factors, which operate together, and single factor can』t ince to the result necessarily.
Also paper provides some policy meanings. The different agribusiness chain has different characteristic, so the profit mechanisms are chose separately according to concrete conditions and strives for more preference policy supports. Jasmine agribusiness firm should annex and cooperate intensely, enrich sales channels, do better market advertising. And cocoon agribusiness firm should further perfect the relationship with cocoon peasant household, enforce firm』s drive, and exert the action of association. Finally, the deficiencies of this paper are pointed out, and we indicate the possible research directions for further study.
Key Words: peasant household; agribusiness firm; profit mechanism
Ⅲ 產業鏈和供應鏈兩個概念有區別嗎他們的相同點和不同點是什麼還有他們的概念
供應鏈是管理學概念,產業鏈是經濟學概念。
供應鏈是從供應角度考察上下游企業之間的關系,產業鏈則是對不同產業而言的。
產業鏈是客觀存在的,而供應鏈不構成供應關系就不存在。
產業鏈是供應鏈的一個物質基礎,供應鏈是針對某一產業鏈而言的。
產業是通過企業和企業的產品來表現的,即產業鏈有企業和產品兩個節點,而供應鏈只有企業一個節點。
產業鏈和供應鏈都是企業運動的必然結果,二者統一於企業運動之中,它們的關系並不是並列交叉關系,更非種屬關系,而是內容與形式的哲學關系。產業鏈更注重宏觀、戰略、定性等方面的研究和應用,而供應鏈則更注重圍觀操作、運行管理、定量等方面的研究和應用。
產業鏈是同一個產業或不同產業的企業,以產品為對象,以投入產出為紐帶,以價值增值為導向,以滿足用戶需求為目標,依據特定的邏輯聯系和時空布局形成的上下關聯的、動態的鏈式中間組織。包含有以下幾層基本含義:1產業鏈是以投入產出為紐帶,上一企業生產的產品一定是下一企業的投入,直到完成整個產品的生產為止。2產業鏈是以價值增值為導向,產業鏈中的企業從上游到中游再到下游是一個不斷增值的過程,知道用戶買走產品,實現了產業鏈的價值為止。3產業鏈是以滿足用戶需求為目標。產業鏈從原材料供應知道生產出用戶需求的產品,整個過程都是按用戶需求來組織生產的,如果生產處的產品用戶不需要,則產業鏈的價值就無法實現。4產業鏈起始於初始資源終於消費市場。5從不同角度考察,產業鏈有不同的表現形式。從價值創造的角度看,產業鏈是指在同一產業內所有具有的連續追加價值關系的活動所構成的價值鏈關系;從產品結構的角度看,產業鏈是指以某項核心技術或工藝為基礎,以市場前景較好科技含量較高產品關聯度較強的優勢企業和優勢產品為鏈核,以產品技術為聯系,以投入產出為紐帶,上下聯結向下延伸前後密切聯系而形成的產品鏈;從產業間結構鏈的角度看,產業鏈是指組成產業結構的第一、第二、第三產業的細分部門之間的前後向產業聯系。6從總體上考察,這些價值鏈、產品鏈、結構鏈是內含子產業鏈中的一個子鏈,即產業鏈是一個內涵有不同子鏈的復合鏈。
供應鏈是生產及流通過程中,涉及將產品或服務提供給最終用戶活動的上游下游企業所形成的網鏈結構。
產業鏈的供應鏈是指圍繞核心企業,通過信息流、實物流和資金流的控制,從采購原材料開始,製成中間產品及最終產品,最後由銷售網路把產品送到消費者手中的將供應商製造商分銷商直至最終用戶練成一個整體的功能網鏈結構模式。
劉貴富 產業鏈與供應鏈、產業集群的區別與聯系
Ⅳ 如何理解產業鏈與價值鏈求答案
產業鏈產業鏈即從一種或幾種資源通過若干產業層次不斷向下游產業轉移直至到達消費者的路徑,它包含四層含義:
一是產業鏈是產業層次的表達。
二是產業鏈是產業關聯程度的表達。產業關聯性越強,鏈條越緊密,資源的配置效率也越高。
三是產業鏈是資源加工深度的表達。產業鏈越長,表明加工可以達到的深度越深。
四是產業鏈是滿足需求程度的表達。產業鏈始於自然資源、止於消費市場,但起點和終點並非固定不變。
價值鏈波特認為,每一個企業都是在設計、生產、銷售、發送和輔助其產品的過程中進行種種活動的集合體。所有這些活動可以用一個價值鏈來表明。
企業的價值創造是通過一系列活動構成的,這些活動可分為基本活動和輔助活動兩類,基本活動包括內部後勤、生產作業、外部後勤、市場和銷售、服務等;而輔助活動則包括采購、技術開發、人力資源管理和企業基礎設施等。這些互不相同但又相互關聯的生產經營活動,構成了一個創造價值的動態過程,即價值鏈。
價值鏈在經濟活動中是無處不在的,上下游關聯的企業與企業之間存在行業價值鏈,企業內部各業務單元的聯系構成了企業的價值鏈,企業內部各業務單元之間也存在著價值鏈聯結。價值鏈上的每一項價值活動都會對企業最終能夠實現多大的價值造成影響。
波特的價值鏈理論揭示,企業與企業的競爭,不只是某個環節的競爭,而是整個價值鏈的競爭,而整個價值鏈的綜合競爭力決定企業的競爭力。用波特的話來說:消費者心目中的價值由一連串企業內部物質與技術上的具體活動與利潤所構成,當你和其他企業競爭時,其實是內部多項活動在進行競爭,而不是某一項活動的競爭。