⑴ mαybe 45 千克什么意思中文
mαybe 45 千克什么意思中文？
答:可能45千克。。
⑵ 金融学小论文英文
development of modern finance
First, the financial problem of the uncertainty
(A) the uncertainty of the field in the application of asset pricing
1. Portfolio Theory and Capital Asset Pricing Model
In the framework of the financial analysis, introction of the concept of uncertainty is a major role. First Kenes (1936) and Hicks (1939) proposed the concept of risk compensation that the financial procts in the presence of uncertainty, should interest rates in different financial procts in compensation for additional risks. Subsequently, Von Neumann (1947) applied the concept of expected utility of the proposed settlement in the decision-making under uncertainty in the method chosen, on this basis Markowiz (1952) developed a portfolio theory, he thought when investors choose portfolio concerned only with future cash flow of the mean and variance. He assumed that the expected utility of investors consistent with secondary distribution or multinomial distribution. Markowiz The main conclusions are subject to uncertainty, optimal decision-making is a diversified investment holding. Tobin (1958) that investor liquidity preferences for their own benefits and risks of different options for the balance. This further improved the framework of portfolio choice theory.
In the field of asset pricing model is another well-known theory of capital pricing model (CAPM), Sharp (1994) and Lintner (1995) using the formula succinctly expressed the portfolio value and risk-free interest rate and the level of risk assets, the relationship between . Black (1972) introced even in the non-risk assets zones remained the case, Sharp and the CAPM formula is still valid, just without the risk of interest rates are including the entire market on all assets of the portfolio rate of return instead of the 预期. Contemporary with the CAPM model of the asset pricing model also Ross (1977) arbitrage pricing model (APT) and Lucas (1978) the typical agent asset pricing model.
Represented by CAPM asset pricing model for asset pricing provides a simple method of calculation, and obtain some support from empirical studies (Fama and Macbeth, 1973), but in reality some of the anomalies is still a lack of effective explanatory power, Brennan (1989) that the CAPM is based on the expectations of all investors in the investment and risk are common in estimates and judgments, and all investors the same utility function based on the assumption that this assumption is inconsistent with the reality This is leading to some practical problems CAPM on the root causes of the lack of explanatory power. It is beyond doubt on these assumptions, to promote the introction of the concept of asymmetric information and research.
2. Market efficiency hypothesis
Market efficiency hypothesis that in a perfectly competitive market, there is no asymmetric information and market frictions affect the future earnings of the average investment risk is different. 60s in the 20th century a large number of research workers on the market efficiency hypothesis was tested, Fama (1973) through empirical tests on the U.S. stock market, that the efficient market hypothesis holds, but many researchers found that in the market, There are many market efficiency hypothesis or CAPM model can not explain the abnormal phenomenon. For example, Basu (1977) found that the average earnings assets, in addition to the β coefficient of the CAPM, but also with the price earnings ratio of assets (P / E ratio) is related to the same β coefficient, the higher the price earnings ratio stocks (growth stocks) better than the market price of the low price earnings ratio of stocks (value stocks); Benz (1981) found that the market price of the stock with the size of the listed company; Stattman (1980) found that stock prices and the ratio of book value (P / B ratio) is also an important factor affecting stock prices. Fama and French (1993) On the basis of the above three-factor model proposed that the impact of asset prices in the β factors, joined the P / E ratio and P / B ratio factor.
The interpretation of these anomalies, the efficient market hypothesis seems powerless, someone had tried the "January effect" to the end of Shuishou interpreted as the impact of outflow, but in the United Kingdom, Australia, the annual revenue of the country is not in December, there are still "in January effect "can not be explained. Some scholars from a psychological perspective to explain these anomalies, such as, Dreman (1982) the stock price P / E ratio effect interpreted as the investor always overestimate growth stocks with high growth, leading to market high P / E ratio of stock market was overvalued, that it is a reason for low stock returns.
3. Continuous time model
In asset pricing theory is another important assumption: stock market is always in a continuous process, under this assumption, Merton (1969,1971) to develop instantaneous CAPM Capital Asset Pricing Model (ICAPM), the same information symmetry, frictionless market, asset price changes in line with Ito process under these conditions, asset prices and investor preference for independent effectiveness. In subsequent studies Merton (1973) and Black (1973) The application of these continuous-time model has been successful in the option pricing formula, the formula was later confirmed that a large number of empirical studies and has been widely applied in practice.
(B) the uncertainty of financial management in the company of
Financial analysis is another important area of financial management, major research firms in the investment decision-making in the proportion of the debt and equity options, the company's dividend policy and other issues. Results of the first studies in this area by the Modigliani and Miller (1958) made their study shows that full market (no market frictions and asymmetric information exists) the value of the company has nothing to do with the company's debt ratio (MM theorem). A similar study concludes that the value of the company's profit distribution policy has nothing to do. Obviously, these research findings and practical in reality. MM theorem based on the conclusions in the distribution of profits, e to the cash outflow will be sent found Jinhong Li, the Company repurchased shares will be more willing to choose policies, rather than the dividend policy, in reality, many companies prefer to dividends rather than Share buy-back, this phenomenon is Black (1976) referred to as "Company dividend puzzle (Dividend Puzzle)", which Miller (1977) can give the explanation, MM theorem conclusion is that the reason and the reality of different tax and the so-called bankruptcy costs on the financial structure is the result of certain liabilities of the company can achieve the role of tax relief, another company because of the existence of high debt ratio risk of bankruptcy, so the debt ratio to the value of existing shares affected, Miller and Other scholars make on these financial problems are not very satisfactory interpretation of the whole until later after the introction of asymmetric information, it seems Caii explain these issues to achieve a breakthrough.
As mentioned above, some of the phenomena of reality is difficult to simply use the uncertainty (risk) to get a satisfactory explanation, it is in the research of these issues raises the question of asymmetric information on financial concerns, plus last 60 years in the 20th century to game theory, represented a breakthrough in the information economy research methods, leading many scholars to the financial problems of asymmetric information in the study achieved a lot, especially the use of asymmetric information can explain a lot of perfectly the financial structure issues. Following is an overview of this still results in two parts, first in the results of financial decision-making, followed by the asset pricing results.
(A) asymmetric information in corporate financial management application
⑶ ybe90l-4电机型号含义是什么
y:Y系列鼠笼式异步电动机
b:隔爆型
e:软启动
90:电机的中心高为90mm
l:长机座
4:4极电机
⑷ ybe凸轮轴原装是什么牌子
牌子的话都是普配的，也没多大关系。
你拆下来看看就知道了。
⑸ YBE什么意思
年度基本减免额 years basic exemption
⑹ 求金融数学The mathematics of Finance:Modeling and Hedging.Joseph Stampfli,Victor Goodman这本书
1 Financial Marketsl.l Markets and Mathl.2 Stocks and Their Derivativesl.2.l Forward Stock Contractsl.2.2 Call Optionsl.2.3 Put Optionsl.2.4 Short Sellingl.3 Pricing Futures Contracts1.4 Bond Marketsl.4.l Rates of Returnl.4.2 The U.S. Bond Marketl.4.3 Interest Rates and Forward Interest Ratesl.4.4 Yield Curvesl.5 Interest Rate Futuresl.5.l Determining the Futures Pricel.5.2 Treasury Bill Futuresl.6 Foreign Exchangel.6.l Currency Hedgingl.6.2 Computing Currency Futures2 Binomial Trees, Replicating Portfolios,and Arbitrage2.l Three Ways to Price a Derivative2.2 The Game Theory Method2.2.l Eliminating Uncertainty2.2.2 Valuing the Option2.2.3 Arbitrage2.2.4 The Game Theory Method--A General Formula2.3 Replicating Portfolios2.3.l The Context2.3.2 A Portfolio Match2.3.3 Expected Value Pricing Approach2.3.4 How to Remember the Pricing Probability2.4 The Probabilistic Approach2.5 Risk2.6 Repeated Binomial Trees and Arbitrage2.7 Appendix: Limits of the Arbitrage Method3 Tree Models for Stocks and Options3.l A Stock Model3.l.l Recombining Trees3.l.2 Chaining and Expected Values3.2 Pricing a Call Option with the Tree Model3.3 Pricing an American Option3.4 Pricing an Exotic Option--Knockout Options3.5 Pricing an Exotic Option--Lookback Options3.6 Adjusting the Binomial Tree Modelto Real-World Data3.7 Hedging and Pricing the N-Period Binomial Model4 Using Spreadsheets to Compute Stockand Option Trees4.l Some Spreadsheet Basics4.2 Computing European Option Trees4.3 Computing American Option Trees4.4 Computing a Baeder Option Tree4.5 Computing N-Step Trees5 Continuous Models and the Black-Scholes Formula5.l A Continuous-Time Stock Model5.2 The Discrete Model5.3 An Analysis of the Continuous Model5.4 The Black-Scholes Formula5.5 Derivation of the Black-Scholes Formula5.5.l The Related Model5.5.2 The Expected Value5.5.3 Two Integrals5.5.4 Putting the Pieces Together5.6 Put--Call Parity5.7 Trees and Continuous Models5.7.l Binomial Probabilities5.7.2 Approximation with Large Trees5.7.3 Scaling a Tree to Match a GBM Model5.8 The GBM Stock Price Model--A Cautionary Tale5.9 Appendix: Construction of a Brownian Path6 The Analytic Approach to Black-Scholes6.l Strategy for Obtaining the Differential Equation6.2 Expanding V(S,t)6.3 Expanding and Simplifying V(St, t)6.4 Finding a Portfolio6.5 Solving the Black-Scholes Differential Equation6.5.l Cash or Nothing Option6.5.2 Stock--or-Nothing Option6.5.3 European Call6.6 Options on Futures6.6.l Call on a Futures Contract6.6.2 A PDE for Options on Futures6.7 Appendix: Portfolio Differentials7 Hedging7.l Delta Hedging7.l.l Hedging, Dynamic Programming, and a Proof thatBlack--Scholes Really Works in an Idealized World7.l.2 Why the Foregoing Argument Does Not Hold in the Real World7.l.3 Earlier A Hedges7.2 Methods for Hedging a Stock or Portfolio7.2.l Hedging with Puts7.2.2 Hedging with Collars7.2.3 Hedging with Paired Trades7.2.4 Correlation-Based Hedges7.2.5 Hedging in the Real World7.3 Implied VOlatiIity7.3.l Computing with Maple7.3.2 The Volatility Smile7.4 The Parameters A, r, and O7.4.l The Ro1e of r7.4.2 A Further Role for A, r, O7.5 Derivation of the Delta Hedging Rule7.6 DeIta Hedging a Stock PUrchase8 Bond Models and Interest Rate Options8.l Interest Rates and Forward Rates8.l.1 Size8.l.2 The Yield Curve8.l.3 How Is the vield Curve Determined?8.l.4 Forward Rates8.2 Zero-Coupon Bonds8.2.l Forward Rates and ZCBs8.2.2 Computations Based on Y(t) or P(t)8.3 Swaps8.3.l Another Variation on Payments8.3.2 A More Realistic Scenario8.3.3 Models for Bond Prices8.3.4 Arbitrage8.4 Pricing and Hedging a Swap8.4.l Arithmetic Interest Rates8.4.2 Geometric Interest Rates8.5 Interest Rate Models8.5.l Discrete Interest Rate Models8.5.2 Pricing ZCBs from the Interest Rate Model8.5.3 The Bond Price Paradox8.5.4 Can the Expected Value Pricing Method Be Hrbitraged?8.5.5 Continuous Models8.5.6 A Bond Price Model8.5.7 A Simple Example8.5.8 The Vasicek Model8.6 Bond Price Dynamics8.7 A Bond Price Formula8.8 Bond Prices, Spot Rates, and HJM8.8.1 Example: The Hall-White Model8.9 The Derivative Approach to HJM: The HJM Miracle8.lO Appendix: Forward Rate Drift9 Computational Methods for Bonds9.l Tree Models for Bond Prices9.l.1 Fair and Unfair Games9.l.2 The Ho-Lee Model9.2 A Binomial Vasicek Model: A Mean Reversion Model9.2.l The Base Case9.2.2 The General Inction Step10 Currency Markets and Foreign Exchange Risks1O.l The Mechanics of TradinglO.2 Currency Forwards: Interest Rate Parity1O.3 Foreign Currency OptionslO.3.l The Garrnan-Kohlhagen FormulalO.3.2 Put--Call Parity for Currency OptionslO.4 Guaranteed Exchange Rates and QuantoslO.4.l The Bond HedgelO.4.2 Pricing the GER Forward on a StocklO.4.3 Pricing the GER Put or Call Option1O.5 To Hedge or Not to Hedgeand How Much11 International Political Risk Analysisll.1 Introctionll.2 Types of International Risksll.2.l Political Riskll.2.2 Managing International Risk1l.2.3 Diversificationll.2.4 Political Risk and Export Credit Insurancell.3 Credit Derivatives and the Management of Political Riskll.3.l Foreign Currency and Derivativesll.3.2 Credit Default Risk and Derivatives1l.4 Pricing International Political Riskl1.4.l The Credit Spread or Risk Premium on Bondsll.5 Two Models for Determining the Risk Premiumll.5.1 The Black--Scholes Approach to Pricing Risky Debtll.5.2 An Alternative Approach to Pricing Risky Debtll.6 A Hypothetical Example of the JLT ModelAnswers to Selected ExercisesIndex
⑺ 雅马哈天戟YBS与YBE有什么区别
天戟为实用车型,天剑外形拉风。两者发动机大体一样,但内部结构略有不同。
⑻ 这款手表在卡西欧新款PRW-6600YBE-5PR为啥比同系列的贵一点
这个款式应该是抄属于袭PRW-6600Y这一个系列里面，这个系列里面有三个产品。PRW-6600Y-1PR
（2990元）
PRW-6600YB-3PR
（2990元）
PRW-6600YBE-5PR
（替换表带套装
3190元），你说的贵的这一种款式有两个表带可以替换。
⑼ 介绍一下金融工程专业
金融工程专业
它是以金融工程为研究对象，以金融创新为核心，综合运用现代金融理论、工具、技术与方法，创造性地解决金融问题的一门新兴金融学科，具有较强的应用性与技术性。主要培养金融产品和金融工具的设计与开发人才、大型企业的财务管理人才和金融技术与开发及金融风险管理人才。
学生毕业后适合在证券与期货经营和咨询机构、其它金融机构、证券监管机构、企业集团和上市公司、国家综合经济调控部门等单位从事实务和研究开发工作。
毕业生将熟练掌握一门外语，熟悉国际银行业的通行规则，掌握微观金融企业原理与操作技能；熟悉各种现代金融工具的特性、功能并具有相应的操作能力，具备较强的市场分析技能和业务素质，能为客户设计个性化的投资方案；了解基本的资产定价模型，具有处理银行、证券、投资等相关业务的能力。
本专业文理兼招，但要求文科考生有较好的数学基础。
专业特色：我国的金融工程专业是参照国外的金融理论研究成果和实践，并根据我国加入WTO后金融业的变化情况而设立的新兴专业，设有银行风险与投资风险两个方向。本专业学生的主要专业知识结构包括金融基础理论；各种金融工具知识；数理知识和网络技术知识；主要专业能力结构包括风险分析和收益预测能力；运用数学模型的能力；无套利均衡分析能力；金融工具定价合理性分析的能力；金融工具合理组合的能力；计算机操作能力；查阅外文资料和用外语进行各种形式交流的能力；经过一定时期的实践后，具有调控宏观金融运行的最基本的能力；具有从事金融工程教学与研究的潜在的能力，有进一步培养的价值；通过团队合作，开发设计新的金融工具的能力。
毕业生应获得以下几方面的知识和能力：
1． 掌握马克思主义经济学基本理论和方法；
2． 掌握西方经济学、金融学的理论和方法；
3． 了解基本的资产定价模型，具有处理银行、证券、投资等相关业务的基本能力；
4． 熟悉各种现代金融工具的特性、功能并具有相应的操作能力，能为客户设计个性化的投资方案；
5． 能运用计量、统计、会计、金融工程等方法进行投资咨询分析和研究；
6． 熟悉国家有关经济、金融的方针、政策和法规；
7． 了解本学科的理论前沿和发展动态；
8． 能够熟练地掌握一门外语，具有较强的读、写、听、说、译及信息获取与处理能力。
主要课程：金融学、财政学、金融工程、衍生产品的定价理论、金融数学、公司财务、商业银行业务与经营、证券投资学、计量经济学、随机分析与随机控制、信息经济学、多元统计分析等。
主要开办学校；
中国人民大学 北京科技大学 中央财经大学 对外经济贸易大学
天津
南开大学 天津财经大学
上海
上海财经大学 上海对外贸易学院
安徽
安徽财经大学
江西
江西财经大学
浙江
浙江财经学院
湖北
武汉大学 湖北经济学院
广东
广东商学院
云南
云南财贸学院
四川
西南财经大学
黑龙江
哈尔滨商业大学
辽宁
东北财经大学
福建
厦门大学
港澳台
香港大学 香港理工大学