① 急需一篇商业银行信贷风险问题的中英文文章
作为银行的一项主要资产业务，贷款资产的运动是一种以“两权分离、按期偿还”为本质特征的特殊价值运动。在现实经济活动中，银行的信贷活动，会受事先无法预料的不确定性因素影响，例如使银行贷款资金有可能遭受损失事件发生。主要表现为贷款到期不能按时收回和贷款的贬值等，这样就产生了贷款风险。从目前国有商业银行贷款资产质量的现状看，形势较为严峻。
国有商业银行信贷风险分析
政府行政干预带来的风险。按照经济发展的客观要求，国有银行是资金配置的主体，政府职能只限于宏观调控。然而在现实中，作为国有商业银行，虽然在人事、行政、业务上不受政府直接管控，但并不等于不受政府影响。作为资金配置的主体，政府并未从实际运作的干预中退出，中心地位并未淡化，往往造成部份项目投资效益不高，形成贷款沉淀。
社会保障机制滞后带来的风险。由于企业破产失业救济制度不完善，国有银行贷款风险无法直接分散和转移。企业与社会的问题没有解决，企业把生产所需资金缺口留给银行贷款解决，形成贷款风险压力；企业保险制度不健全，使银行无法保全贷款资产的安全性，增加了损失的概率。
法制不健全带来的风险。尽管我国陆续出台了银行法、票据法等许多法律，但是这些法律大多内容比较简单，有些内容有待于重新修订，并且有些法律与国家的某些政策相悖，银行在保全债权方面将会遇到较大的阻力，加大了银行的信贷经营风险。
缺乏科学经营管理带来的风险。国有商业银行缺乏科学规范的经营管理方式主要表现在：在经营上把效益性放在首位，而忽视安全隐患；没有建立起完善的责权对等的管理机制，一旦贷款出现问题，很难分清责任，更谈不上追究责任。
借款人(企业)还贷意愿不确定带来的风险。借款人(企业)还贷意愿与其(法定代表)的信用相关，还贷能力强的借款人(企业)还贷意愿不一定强；还贷能力弱的借款人(企业)还贷意愿不一定差。并且，信用度很难进行比较准确的考查、判断。所以，借款人还贷意愿存在很大的不确定性，这种不确定性必然带来一定的风险。
国有商业银行信贷风险的控制对策
为有效防止和化解国有商业银行信贷风险，避免由此带来的金融震荡和经济风险，通过上述对我国商业银行目前面临的信贷风险原因的分析，我们可以从如下几个方面着手治理商业银行的信贷风险。
进一步加强政府监督职能。政企不分一直严重困扰我国企业改革和发展。我国信用的深层次问题很大程度上表现为政府行为和地方保护主义。由于政府尚未完成由市场的参与者向市场的管理者的转变，为了政绩需要而急功近利，期望短期内地方经济有较大起色，过分干预银行贷款，削弱了市场功能作用和市场法则权威。因此，必须重新界定政府职能、规范政府行为。政府职能是弥补市场缺陷、维护社会公平，着力为企业经营提供必要的经济环境，同时支持并配合银行防范和制止企业逃废债务，确保金融资产的安全运行。
建立健全社会保障体系。形成全社会信用是提高银行资产质量的重要保证。恶意逃避银行债务、恶意欠款的单位必须受经济和法律制裁。作为政府部门，央行应对企业改制中兼并、重组、破产等跟踪监督，协助金融机构依法维护金融债权；应健全企业信息披露制度，解决银、企信息不对称问题：严格规范企业会计信息和信息处理标准化，并提高信息公开程度，以降低银行系统风险。
② 帮忙找一下相关主题的英语文章 商业银行个人金融业务方面
Since 70's in 20 centuries, the global commercial bank is under the impact of financial creative wave tide and personal finance mangaing business acquired a fast development.See from flourishing development trend of personal finance mangaing business of the national bank, personal finance mangaing business has a batch quantity big, the risk be low, business scope wide, management income stability etc. advantage, occupy to emphasize to want position in the commercial bank the development.Currently, personal finance mangaing business of our country commercial bank is still placed in a newly arisen stage and the market foreground is very vast.Huge business opportunities and potential that personal financial service market contain make each local commercial bank more and more value to expand personal financial service market and capture.In the meantime, in regard to foundation condition, the local commercial bank strongly develops personal financial business has already had very important realistic meaning as well.
20世纪70年代以来，全球商业银行在金融创新浪潮的冲击下，个人理财业务获得了快速发展。从发达国家银行个人理财业务发展趋势来看，个人理财业务具有批量大、风险低、业务范围广、经营收益稳定等优势，在商业银行发展中占据着重要位置。目前，我国商业银行的个人理财业务还处于新兴阶段，市场前景十分广阔。个人金融服务市场蕴涵的巨大商机和潜力，使得国内各家商业银行越来越重视对个人金融服务市场的开拓和占领。同时，就基础条件来看，国内商业银行大力发展个人金融业务也已经具有了十分重要的现实意义
③ 关于商业银行信用风险管理的英文文章 两篇
Interim Measures on Information Disclosure of Commercial Banks
Order No.6 of the People's Bank of China
May 15, 2002
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1 These rules are formulated on the basis of "Law on the People's bank of China of the People's Republic of China" and "Commercial Banking Law of the People's Bank of China", which aim to strengthen market discipline of commercial banks, standardize information disclosure of commercial banks, effectively safeguard legitimate interests of depositors and other stakeholders and promote safe, sound and efficient operation of commercial banks.
Article 2 These rules are to be applied to commercial banks that are established legally within the territory of the People's Republic of China, including domestic commercial banks, wholly foreign funded banks, joint venture banks and branches of foreign banks.
Article 3 Commercial banks should disclose information according to these rules, which are the minimum requirements for commercial banks' information disclosure. While abiding by these rules, commercial banks can disclose more information than what has been required by these rules at their own discretion.
In addition to these rules, listed commercial banks should also conform to relevant information disclosure rules published by regulatory body of the securities instry.
Article 4 Information disclosure of commercial banks should be proceeded consistent with laws and regulations, the uniform domestic accounting rules and relevant rules of the PBC.
Article 5 Commercial banks should disclose information in a standardized fashion, while ensuring authenticity, accuracy, integrity and comparability.
Article 6 Annual financial statements disclosed by commercial banks should be subject to auditing by accounting firms that are certified to be engaged in finance-related auditing.
Article 7 The People's Bank of China is to supervise commercial banks' information disclosure according to relevant laws and regulations.
Chapter II Information to be Disclosed
Article 8 Commercial banks should disclose financial statements, and information on risk management, corporate governance and big events of the year according to these rules.
Article 9 Commercial banks' financial statements should include accounting report, annex and notes to this report and description of financial position.
Article 10 Accounting report disclosed by commercial banks should include balance sheet, statement of income (profit and loss account), statement of owner's equity and other additional charts.
Article 11 Commercial banks should indicate inconsistence between the basis of preparation and the basic preconditions of accounting in their notes to the accounting report.
Article 12 Commercial banks should explain in their notes to the accounting report the important policy of accounting and accounting estimates, including: Accounting standards, accounting year, reporting currency, accounting basis and valuation principles; Type and scope of loans; Accounting rules for investment; Scope and method of provisions against asset losses; Principle and method of income recognition; Valuation method for financial derivatives; Conversion method for foreign currency business and accounting report; Preparation method for consolidated accounting report; Valuation and depreciation method for fixed assets; Valuation method and amortization policy for intangible assets; Amortization policy for long-term deferred expenses; Accounting practice for income tax.
Article 13 Commercial banks should indicate in their notes to the accounting report crucial changes of accounting policy and estimates, contingent items and post-balance sheet items, transfer and sale of important assets.
Article 14 Commercial banks should indicate in their annex and notes to the accounting report the total volume of related party transactions and major related party transactions. Major related party transactions refer to those with trading volume exceeding 30 million yuan or 1% of total net assets of the commercial bank.
Article 15 Commercial banks should indicate in their notes to the accounting report detailed breakdown of key categories in the accounting report, including:
(1) Due from banks by the breakdown of domestic and overseas markets.
(2) Interbank lending by the breakdown of domestic and overseas markets.
(3) Outstanding balance of loans at the beginning and the end of the accounting year by the breakdown of credibility loans, committed loans, collateralized loans and pledged loans.
(4) Non-performing loans at the beginning and end of the accounting year resulted from the risk-based loan classification.
(5) Provisions for loan losses at the beginning and the end of the accounting year, new provisions, returned provisions and write-offs in the accounting year. General provisions, specific provisions and special provisions should be disclosed separately.
(6) Outstanding balance and changes of interest receivables.
(7) Investment at the beginning and the end of the accounting year by instruments.
(8) Interbank borrowing in domestic and overseas markets.
(9) Calculation, outstanding balance and changes of interest payables.
(10) Year-end outstanding balance and other details of off-balance sheet categories, including bank acceptance bills, external guarantees, letters of guarantee for financing purposes, letters of guarantee for non-financing purposes, loan commitments, letters of credit (spot), letters of credit (forward), financial futures, financial options, etc.
(11) Other key categories.
Article 16 Commercial banks should disclose in their notes to the accounting report status of capital adequacy, including total value of risk assets, amount and structure of net capital, core capital adequacy ratio and capital adequacy ratio.
Article 17 Commercial banks should disclose auditing report provided by the appointed accounting firms.
Article 18 Description of financial position should cover the general performance of the bank, generation and distribution of profit and other events that have substantial impact on financial position and performance of the bank.
Article 19 Commercial banks should disclose following risks and risk management details:
(1) Credit risk. Commercial banks should disclose status of credit risk management, credit exposure, credit quality and earnings, including business operations that generate credit risks, policy of credit risk management and control, organizational structure and division of labor in credit risk management, procere and methods of classification of asset risks, distribution and concentration of credit risks, maturity analysis of over-e loans, restructuring of loans and return of assets.
(2) Liquidity risk. Commercial banks should disclose relevant parameters that can represent their status of liquidity, analyze factors affecting liquidity and indicate their strategy of liquidity management.
(3) Market risk. Commercial banks should disclose risks brought by changes of interest rates and exchange rate on the market, analyzing impacts of such changes on profitability and financial positions of the bank and indicating their strategy of market risk management.
(4) Operation risk. Commercial banks should disclose risks brought by flaws and mistakes of internal proceres, staff and system or by external shocks and indicate the integrity, rationality and effectiveness of their internal control mechanism.
(5) Other risks. Other risks that may bring severe negative impact to the bank.
Article 20 Commercial banks should disclose following information on corporate governance:
(1) Shareholders' meeting ring the year.
(2) Members of the board of directors and its work performance.
(3) Members of the board of supervisors and its work performance.
(4) Members of the senior management and their profiles.
(5) Layout of branches and function departments.
Article 21 Chronicle of events disclosed by commercial banks in the year should at least include the following contents:
(1) Names of the ten biggest shareholders and changes ring the year.
(2) Increase or decrease of registered capital, splitting up and merger.
(3) Other important information that is necessary for the general public to know.
Article 22 Information of foreign bank branches is to be collected and disclosed by the primary reporting branch.
Foreign bank branches don't need to disclose information that is only mandated and required for disclosure by institutions with legal person status.
Foreign bank branches should translate into Chinese and disclose the summary of information disclosed by their head offices.
Article 23 Commercial banks need not disclose information of unimportant categories. However, if the omission or misreporting of certain categories or information may change or affect the assessment or judge of the information users, commercial banks should regarded the categories as key information categories and disclose them.
Chapter III Management of Information Disclosure
Article 24 Commercial banks should prepare in Chinese their annual reports with all the information to be disclosed and publish them within 4 month after the end of each accounting year. If they are not able to disclose such information on time e to special factors, they should apply to the People's Bank of China for delay of disclosure at least 15 days in advance.
Article 25 Commercial banks should submit their annual reports to the People's Bank of China prior to disclosure.
Article 26 Commercial banks should make sure that their shareholders and stakeholders could obtain the annual reports on a timely basis.
Commercial banks should put their annual reports in their major operation venue, so as to ensure such reports are readily available for the general public to read and check. The PBC encourage commercial banks to disclose main contents of their annual reports to the public through media.
Article 27 Boards of directors in commercial banks are responsible for the information disclosure. If there is no board of directors in the bank, the president (head) of the bank should assume such a responsibility.
Boards of directors and presidents (heads) of commercial banks should ensure the authenticity, accuracy and integrity of the disclosed information and take legal responsibility for their commitments.
Article 28 Commercial banks and their involved staff that provide financial statements with false information or concealing important facts should be punished according to the " Rules on Punishment of Financial Irregularities".
Accounting firms and involved staff that provide false auditing report should be punished according to the "Interim Measures on Finance-related Auditing Business by Accounting Firms".
Chapter IV Supplementary Provisions
Article 29 Commercial banks with total assets below RMB 1 billion or with total deposits below RMB 500 million are exempted from the compulsory information disclosure. However, the People's Bank of China encourages such commercial banks to disclose information according to these rules.
Article 30 The People's Bank of China is responsible for the interpretation of these rules.
Article 31 These rules shall enter into force as of the date of promulgation and are to be applied to all commercial banks except city commercial banks.
City commercial banks should adopt these rules graally from January 1, 2003 to January 1, 2006.
中国人民银行令[2002]第6号
2002年5月15日
第一章 总 则
第一条 为加强商业银行的市场约束，规范商业银行的信息披露行为，有效维护存款人和相关利益人的合法权益，促进商业银行安全、稳健、高效运行，依据《中华人民共和国中国人民银行法》、《中华人民共和国商业银行法》等法律法规，制定本办法。
第二条 本办法适用于在中华人民共和国境内依法设立的商业银行，包括中资商业银行、外资独资银行、中外合资银行、外国银行分行。
第三条 商业银行应按照本办法规定披露信息。本办法规定为商业银行信息披露的最低要求。商业银行可在遵守本办法规定基础上自行决定披露更多信息。
上市商业银行除应遵守本办法规定披露信息外，还应遵守证券监督管理机关有关信息披露的规定。
第四条 商业银行披露信息应当遵守法律法规、国家统一的会计制度和中国人民银行的有关规定。
第五条 商业银行应遵循真实性、准确性、完整性和可比性的原则，规范地披露信息。
第六条 商业银行披露的年度财务会计报告须经获准从事金融相关审计业务的会计师事务所审计。
第七条 中国人民银行根据有关法律法规对商业银行的信息披露进行监督。
第二章 信息披露的内容
第八条 商业银行应按照本办法规定披露财务会计报告、各类风险管理状况、公司治理、年度重大事项等信息。
第九条 商业银行财务会计报告由会计报表、会计报表附注和财务情况说明书组成。
第十条 商业银行披露的会计报表应包括资产负债表、利润表（损益表）、所有者权益变动表及其他有关附表。
第十一条 商业银行应在会计报表附注中说明会计报表编制基础不符合会计核算基本前提的情况。
第十二条 商业银行应在会计报表附注中说明本行的重要会计政策和会计估计，包括：会计报表编制所依据的会计准则、会计年度、记账本位币、记账基础和计价原则；贷款的种类和范围；投资核算方法；计提各项资产减值准备的范围和方法；收入确认原则和方法；衍生金融工具的计价方法；外币业务和报表折算方法；合并会计报表的编制方法；固定资产计价和折旧方法；无形资产计价及摊销政策；长期待摊费用的摊销政策；所得税的会计处理方法等。
第十三条 商业银行应在会计报表附注中说明重要会计政策和会计估计的变更；或有事项和资产负债表日后事项；重要资产转让及其出售。
第十四条 商业银行应在会计报表附注中披露关联方交易的总量及重大关联方交易的情况。
重大关联方交易是指交易金额在3000万元以上或占商业银行净资产总额1%以上的关联方交易。
第十五条 商业银行应在会计报表附注中说明会计报表中重要项目的明细资料，包括：
（一） 按存放境内、境外同业披露存放同业款项；
（二） 按拆放境内、境外同业披露拆放同业款项;
（三） 按信用贷款、保证贷款、抵押贷款、质押贷款分别披露贷款的期初数、期末数；
（四） 按贷款风险分类的结果披露不良贷款的期初数、期末数；
（五） 贷款损失准备的期初数、本期计提数、本期转回数、本期核销数、期末数；一般准备、专项准备和特种准备应分别披露；
（六） 应收利息余额及变动情况；
（七） 按种类披露投资的期初数、期末数；
（八） 按境内、境外同业披露同业拆入款项；
（九） 应付利息计提方法、余额及变动情况；
（十） 银行承兑汇票、对外担保、融资保函、非融资保函、贷款承诺、开出即期信用证、开出远期信用证、金融期货、金融期权等表外项目，包括上述项目的年末余额及其他具体情况；
（十一） 其他重要项目。
第十六条 商业银行应在会计报表附注中披露资本充足状况，包括风险资产总额、资本净额的数量和结构、核心资本充足率、资本充足率。
第十七条 商业银行应披露会计师事务所出具的审计报告。
第十八条 财务情况说明书应当对本行经营的基本情况、利润实现和分配情况以及对本行财务状况、经营成果有重大影响的其他事项进行说明。
第十九条 商业银行应披露下列各类风险和风险管理情况：
（一） 信用风险状况。商业银行应披露信用风险管理、信用风险暴露、信贷质量和收益的情况，包括产生信用风险的业务活动、信用风险管理和控制政策、信用风险管理的组织结构和职责划分、资产风险分类的程序和方法、信用风险分布情况、信用风险集中程度、逾期贷款的账龄分析、贷款重组、资产收益率等情况。
（二） 流动性风险状况。商业银行应披露能反映其流动性状况的有关指标，分析影响流动性的因素，说明本行流动性管理策略。
（三） 市场风险状况。商业银行应披露因市场汇率、利率变动而产生的风险，分析汇率、利率的变化对银行盈利能力和财务状况的影响，说明本行的市场风险管理策略。
（四） 操作风险状况。商业银行应披露由于内部程序、人员、系统的不完善或失误，或外部事件造成的风险，并对本行内部控制制度的完整性、合理性和有效性作出说明。
（五） 其他风险状况。其他可能对本行造成严重不利影响的风险因素。
第二十条 商业银行应披露下列公司治理信息：
（一） 年度内召开股东大会情况；
（二） 董事会的构成及其工作情况；
（三） 监事会的构成及其工作情况；
（四） 高级管理层成员构成及其基本情况；
（五） 银行部门与分支机构设置情况。
第二十一条 商业银行披露的本行年度重要事项，至少应包括下列内容：
（一） 最大十名股东名称及报告期内变动情况；
（二） 增加或减少注册资本、分立合并事项；
（三） 其他有必要让公众了解的重要信息。
第二十二条 外国银行分行的信息由主报告行汇总后披露。
外国银行分行无须披露本办法规定的仅适用于法人机构的信息。
外国银行分行应将其总行所披露信息摘要译成中文后披露。
第二十三条 商业银行无须披露非关键性项目。但若遗漏或误报某个项目或信息会改变或影响信息使用者的评估或判断时，商业银行应将该项目视为关键性项目予以披露。
第三章 信息披露的管理
第二十四条 商业银行应将信息披露的内容以中文编制成年度报告，于每个会计年度终了后的四个月内披露。因特殊原因不能按时披露的，应至少提前十五日向中国人民银行申请延迟。
第二十五条 商业银行应将年度报告在公布前报送中国人民银行。
第二十六条 商业银行应确保股东及相关利益人能及时获取年度报告。
商业银行应将年度报告置放在商业银行的主要营业场所，确保公众能方便、及时地查阅。中国人民银行鼓励商业银行通过媒体向公众披露年度报告的主要信息。
第二十七条 商业银行董事会负责本行的信息披露。未设立董事会的，由行长（单位主要负责人）负责。
商业银行的董事会、行长（单位主要负责人）应当保证所披露的信息真实、准确、完整，并就其保证承担相应的法律责任。
第二十八条 对在信息披露中提供虚假的或者隐瞒重要事实的财务会计报告的商业银行及有关责任人员，按照《金融违法行为处罚办法》予以处理。
对出具虚假审计报告的会计师事务所及有关责任人员，按照《会计师事务所从事金融相关审计业务暂行办法》予以处理。
第四章 附 则
第二十九条 资产总额低于10亿元人民币或存款余额低于5亿元人民币的商业银行，可免于披露信息。中国人民银行鼓励此类商业银行按照本办法规定披露信息。
第三十条 本办法由中国人民银行负责解释。
第三十一条 本办法自公布之日起在除城市商业银行以外的商业银行范围内施行。
城市商业银行自2003年1月1日起到2006年1月1日分步施行本办法。
只有一篇
④ 急求一篇与商业银行中间业务有关的英文文章，3000字左右！急，感激不尽
Intermediate business of commercial banks and the development of intermediate business of commercial banks in China with a comprehensive international comparison
The middle of a commercial banking business development activities because of
1.1 an inevitable choice for commercial banks
Intermediate business of commercial banks and the rapid development of the emergence of the underlying reasons are not only driven, but also the result of external factors. First of all, the international community to enter the countries have relaxed controls, the liberalization of banking and international trends, including greatly to the middle of the business, including the pace of financial innovation; Second, market competition has also promoted the development of intermediary business, traditional business of commercial banks not only faced competition in the same instry, and along with the development of capital market countries, greatly increased the proportion of direct financing, the traditional commercial banks assets, liabilities, business increasingly showing a "sunset instry" the decline, therefore, commercial banks were forced to carry out new business innovation to create a new source of profits; again, the middle of business innovation is the result of market demand, e to frequent fluctuations in interest rates and exchange rates, enterprises and commercial banks in which the uncertainty of economic environment, increasing the risk of which the effective management tools, in particular, a number of financial derivatives had a demand for the development of the banking intermediary business that is risk management in order to satisfy customers, as well as other diversified financial services; Finally, the banks have their own advantages, as well as 20 practical information technology since the 80's the development and extensive use of commercial banks for the development of intermediary business possible. February 1987 at Northwestern University in the United States held a deposit-taking institutions on asset securitization and the risk of development of intermediary business seminar, a scholar on the development of commercial banks in the middle of a large number of business reasons for concluding, that is, commercial banks the development of intermediary business and technology, control, interest rate risk, customer competition, factors such as capital adequacy ratio are closely related.
1.2 The significance of the development of intermediary business
(A) can be extended into a commercial bank intermediary function, to expand their business scale.
(B) commercial banks can spread business risks, and enhance the bank's ability to resist risks.
(C) can play a variety of business, "bundling" effect to enhance the competitiveness of the banks. Intermediate business of commercial banks between other business interaction and mutual influence, and the development of intermediary business for the banks not only bring direct profits, but also with other business, the second interaction of the market to enhance the competitiveness of banks.
Second, commercial banks in the development of intermediary business
2.1 The broader business scope, a wide variety.
Western countries of the middle-run commercial banks and a wide variety of procts to meet the diverse needs of customers, the commercial banks for the new business innovation. The scope of business covered by the middle of the traditional banking, trust services, investment banking, mutual funds and insurance business. They can engage in money market operations, but also can engage in discounting commercial paper and capital markets business.
Graally expand the business scale of 2.2, rising income levels.
From 1993 to 1996 among the U.S. banking business grew from 912 billion U.S. dollars to 12.188 trillion U.S. dollars, accounting for bank assets from 78% to 142.9%, of which the seven largest banks in the middle of the business lending per cent more than doubled and more. Living in the forefront of the U.S. banking instry, Citigroup, the Americas, such as the middle of the five major banking groups involved in the operational activities of the total assets of more than 2.2 trillion U.S. dollars has the same period, assets and liabilities that banks under the total assets of 780 billion U.S. dollars for the capital sum for the 45 billion U.S. dollars; intermediary business 3 years the average growth rate to 54.2%, much higher than the 9 percent average annual total assets and total capital at an average annual growth rate of 21.6 percent. ①
2.3 Middle-income structure of the business change.
Western commercial banks from 1980 to 1990 of 10 years, the total income of non-spread revenue rapid upward trend in both. The middle of foreign banks operating income generally accounts for 40% of total revenue -50%. Acceptance in the United States, Citibank, credit investigation, credit rating companies, assets evaluation business, personal financial advisor business, long-term foreign exchange trading, foreign exchange futures, foreign exchange options, and other intermediary business represented 80 percent brought their profits deposit and lending business profits accounted for only 20% of the total profits. ②
2.4 Service means of advanced and high technology.
Improvement in the level of science and technology for the development of intermediate business of commercial banks to provide a strong foundation for technical support and innovation, especially in recent years can be at any time and any place in any way to provide customers with personalized service network of banks, the emergence of Internet banking promoted the development of intermediary business. With the international advanced banking payment system on its strong business in the middle was a huge amount of service fee revenue.
Third, commercial banks Analysis of intermediate procts
3.1 Clearing-type intermediate procts
Clearing procts are usually divided into promissory notes, bills of exchange, the three types of checks. Settlement of funds between the time of the settlement act, for the customers, the main demand is to use the banking clearing system, security and timely transfer of funds. Settlement is therefore a means of clearing operations to ensure the successful completion of an important link. On the characteristics of the clearing business, its risk may come from three aspects: customer risk factors, risk factors of post and telecommunications sector and banking risk factors. For the banks, the first two banks of external risks, which is the bank's internal risk. ③
3.2 security type of intermediate procts
With the development of international trade, the Western commercial banks faster development of the security business, including standby letters of credit, guarantee the payment, performance bond, bid security, supervision, such as payment by the common varieties. Chinese and foreign commercial banks, the security business is proction of the intermediate business with commercial banks to carry out security operations is the use of banks to provide credit support, that one has to bear because of the risks associated with credit support.
Intermediate goods 3.3 Management
Mainly divided into the banking business, safe operations, Personal Financial Services. Since the last century is the era, as the world's financial system, instry structure, organizational structure, operational modalities and competition is undergoing a profound transformation. The changes in the traditional banking, securities, insurance, trust business increasingly blurred boundaries between the business, while seeking to promote and strengthen the commercial banking and financial activities of globalization and virtual organizations, the banks of the insurance instry to flourish here development. With the development of the world economy, personal financial services showing a huge space for development. And personal financial services customers of commercial banks is the core personal financial services in the commercial banks to the "financial services supermarket" the process of development, personal financial services of commercial banks at home and abroad has become the focal point of retail business one.
3.4 Advisory type of intermediate procts
Intermediary business consulting category refers to the transfer, sale information and provide intelligence services to the main contents of the intermediary business. Commercial banks on their own information, talent, credibility and other areas, the collection and presentation of information and information of these customers, as well as banks and financial analysis of campaign records to form a system of information and programs made available to customers, one to meet their management or business development needs. Include: credit, corporate credit rating, assets evaluation business and financial information; business and personal financial advisor business; business consultant business investment and financing, including financing and the international syndicated loan arrangement.
3.5 bank cards, online banking intermediate procts
Bank credit card is the issue of commercial banks to the community with consumer credit, debit settlement, access to cash in whole or in part, such as a credit payment function. Its fast development, many countries have become an important business, many banks and the major source of profit for variety. Internet banking is a banking service to provide customers with new tools, which the existing banking business, based on the use of Internet technology to provide customers with comprehensive, consent, security, real-time financial services. Internet banking is not only a banking innovation is the organizational structure of a bank穿心At the same time, the emergence of Internet banking so that the expansion of commercial banks to find new channels for the middle of the business.
Fourth, the middle of the latest developments in the direction of business
Securitization of credit assets 4.1
Securitization of credit assets refers to a group of poor liquidity through a portfolio of assets, so that this group of assets to generate stable and predictable cash flow proceeds through the intermediary of certain credit enhancement, the proceeds of these assets the right to change as flows in the financial markets, higher credit rating of bond-type securities. In essence, will be financing the securitization of future cash proceeds of the assets and the corresponding right to transfer the risk to investors, and the transfer of ownership of the assets may not be entirely. ④
4.2 fund business
A long time, China's commercial banks to develop intermediary business not as a main instry and the new profit growth point to run, but also our country's strict separation of management and other factors, so that the development of the banking sector has been greater restrictions. A direct consequence of these restrictions is that domestic commercial banks and weak financial innovation. Have been carried out in the middle of the retail business of the development of varieties, not to profit maximization as the goal, but as absorbing as a means of customer deposits, which resulted in business receipts in the middle of the contribution rate for banks with low profit situation. Commercial banks in China's current total income, the proportion of all interest income more than 90%. This revenue structure is to enable the assets of China's commercial banks profitability in the last century since the 90's has been in a continuous downward trend in one of the main reasons. Studies have shown that commercial banks in the U.S. the average asset profit rate of China's four state-owned commercial banks average of 12.86 times. This shows that the middle of my business cards, many types of projects though, but their purpose and profit with the situation in Western developed countries, significant differences between the modern commercial banking business and a lot of content has yet to enter our field of vision. ⑥
8, China's commercial banks lag in the middle of the reasons for business development
8.1 on the traditional state-owned commercial businesses, as well as the long-term monopoly control of the central bank's interest rates led directly to commercial banks to create a modern inadequate.
From abroad, the development of banking business, the increasingly intensified competition in the market forces and customers is to continuously strengthen the bank to speed up the expansion of the main reasons for non-margin business. China's banking instry from the historical path of development, the historical factors strangle a certain extent, the domestic commercial banks to expand their business and the autonomy of consciousness. "Unification" of thinking, as well as the banking system more rigid domestic commercial banks used to make the government's command, the lack of response to the economic situation to customers and the market as guide, based on the formulation and implementation of their own advantages for their own development strategies of motivation and ability.
8.2 the development of intermediate business of commercial banks led to a substantial risk of financial regulation will make the existing system is facing tremendous pressure.
The financial sector at the policy orientation of business limits the room for the development of intermediary business. Most of the middle of the business belonging to banks and non-bank financial institutions operating in the field of cross-cutting, so inrong the state's macroeconomic management policies of banks, non-bank financial institutions, the limited scope of business directly determines the intermediate business of commercial banks to open up space. I started in 1993 from a banking, securities, insurance, trust the strict separation of management, the banks can not create a cross-sectoral, comprehensive, multi-faceted business intermediate procts, it is difficult to raise the level of business and level of intensive
8.3 Bank charges among the business and the lack of standardization.
In the absence of corresponding fees and charges based mechanism, the intermediary business difficult and hard to charge fees, particularly the phenomenon of table. Charges not specifically reflected in the financial institutions among the business no express provision charges. Difficult to charge in fees and charges e to lack of enforcement mechanism, financial institutions are afraid of arbitrary collection of charges the suspect.
8.4 China's banking instry has developed the "marketing model" and the "marketing habit" has severely constrained the development of intermediary business.
From foreign banks to expand business model point of view, primarily by the consumer to facilitate this, fast, safe and customer service benefits, are a typical "proct marketing." As for the domestic banking instry, the proct quality and price are often relegated to a secondary position, "relationship marketing" has become the domestic banking instry to explore the middle of the main mode of business. At present, commercial banks remain the main customer base to large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises, state-owned enterprises and property rights Fuzzy principal - agent problem makes enterprise managers pay more attention to the pursuit of personal interests, at this time the relationship between banks and their customers has become a successful proct whether or not the key. ⑦
Main References:
① Bank for International Settlements: "International Financial Market Development Report", published in 1999
② Ho five-star: "Financial Innovation in Development", Southwest University of Finance and Economics Press, 2000
③ Yang Ming-sheng: "Commercial Bank's Intermediary Business Procts practical manual." Beijing, China Financial Publishing House, 2002
④ Peter • Rose book, Liu Garden translation: "Commercial Bank Management", Beijing, Mechanical Instry Press, 2001
⑤ after lam-chun: "commercial banks intermediate innovative business risk prevention and control", containing "China's financial fortnightly" 2003
Zhang Guohai ⑥: "Commercial Bank's Intermediary Business Development Strategy in the International Comparison", in "Financial Research", 2003
⑦姚德良: "I have been the middle of the commercial business development implied by the low level of research", in "Finance and Trade Economy", 2004
⑤ 有关于商业银行人性化服务文章的题目
接着，我一个院来一自个院的里里外外看了够。一边游览，一边听着导游的精彩讲述： “乔家大院形如城堡，三面临街，四周全是封闭式砖墙，高三丈有余，上边有掩身女儿墙和了望探口。大院有主楼四座，门楼、更楼、眺阁六座。各院房顶上有走道相通，用于巡更护院。纵观全院，从外面看，威严高大，整齐端庄；进院里看，富丽堂皇，井然有序，显示了我国北方封建大家庭的居住格调。整个大院，布局严谨，建筑考究，规范而有变化，不但有整体美感，而且在局部建筑上各有特色，即使是房顶上的140余个烟囱也都各有特异。全院亭台楼阁，雕梁画栋，堆金立粉，完全显示了我国古代劳动人民高超的建筑艺术水平，确实是不可多得的艺术珍品。”
走进乔家大院，就好像走进了一座神奇的大山，金宝内藏，光华四射，令你目不暇接。在这座神奇的艺术大山间，一会儿会看到：寓意着蔓长多子和富贵不断头的“一蔓千枝”的葡萄百子图案；一会儿会看到：“和合二仙”抬着金银进门来的送宝图案；一会儿会看到；象征人生福、禄、寿的三星高照图案，一会儿又看到：“四季花卉”的鲜艳，花开富贵的姣美。
⑥ 我要一篇关于商业银行业务方面的文章
题目 探析我国商业银行开展投资银行业务
摘 要： 随着国际金融业的发展，国内对商业银行业务发展的监管趋势逐渐放松，在政策上商业银行开展投资银行业务成为可能，对商业银行来说，开展投资银行业务对其具有重大意义。本文从我国商业银行开展投资银行业务的重要意义出发，提出了商业银行如何顺利开展投资银行业务的建设性建议。
[关键词] 商业银行 投资银行 业务
2001年7月中国人民银行颁布了《商业银行中间业务暂行规定》，进一步明确商业银行经央行审批后可以办理金融衍生业务、代理证券、投资基金托管、信息咨询、财务顾问等投资银行业务。这使得商业银行在现有的政策和法律框架内探索投资银行业务拥有了巨大的实践空间和发展空间。
一、国内商业银行开展投资银行业务的重大意义
1.大力拓展投资银行业务，可以更好满足客户的需要
近年来，人民银行、银监会相继推出信贷资产证券化、银行间债券市场金融债券发行管理办法、短期融资券管理办法等资本市场改革措施，股票市场的股权分置改革也稳步推进。资本市场的改革为大型优质企业的融资提供了更加多样化的渠道和更低的融资成本。
这种外部市场环境的变化，一方面，使得大型企业有更多的机会来发展自己，提高自身实力；另一方面，这些大型企业又需要更多和更好的金融需求，需要有实力的银行对其给予帮助和支持。开展投资银行业务成为商业银行在新形势下满足大型优质客户需求、抢抓市场机遇的必然选择。
2.大力拓展投资银行业务，是增强商业银行竞争优势的需要
随着中国加入WTO过渡期的结束，我国的金融市场对外完全打开，越来越多的外资银行进入我国市场，在方便消费者的同时，也对我国国内的商业银行造成不小的冲击。
随着外资银行的逐渐进入，商业银行之间的竞争日趋激烈，而从事投行业务有利于增强国内商业银行的竞争优势，主要表现在：通过拓展投资银行业务可以拓宽收入来源渠道，实现收入多元化，提高风险规避能力；通过对客户提供存贷款传统服务的同时，满足客户融资、并购重组、上市财务顾问等多种需求，提高银行客户服务水平，增强对优质客户的综合营销能力；通过为企业提供财务顾问等投行业务，商业银行可以更好地了解企业的财务和经营状况，为商业银行的定价、风险管理提供有效的信息等。
3.有利于实现商业银行的业务转型
面对利率市场化改革的深入，国内资本市场的发展，国内商业银行需要调整其业务结构，实施业务转型以适应外部市场环境的变化。业务转型主要是通过大力发展零售业务和符合未来综合经营的中间业务、增值服务，提高非利息收入占比来实现，而投资银行业务则是高附加值的中间业务，具有占用资本少、风险低、收益高的特点。因此，大力发展投行业务成为当前商业银行实现业务转型、盈利模式转变的重要手段。
二、我国商业银行发展投资银行业务的策略分析
1.平衡好商业银行投资银行业务和传统业务的关系
投资银行业务，是一项技术含量高、高附加值的业务，其直接效益体现在能够取得顾问费等中间业务收入，形成新的收入来源；其间接效益体现在能够促进商业银行占领新兴市场、竞争高端客户、营销优质贷款、提高信贷资产质量、化解
⑦ 求一篇英文文章，关于商业银行的就可以，字数最好是翻译成中文有4000+的字数，急求，谢谢了！
A commercial bank (or business bank ) is a type of financial institution and intermediary . It is a bank that provides transactional , savings, and money market accounts and that accepts time deposits . [ 1 ]
Contents
1 Origin of the word
2 The role of commercial banks
3 Types of loans granted by commercial banks
4 Secured loan
4.1 Mortgage loan
5 Unsecured loan
6 References
7 Further reading
Origin of the word
The name bank derives from the Italian word banco "desk/bench", used ring the Renaissance era by Florentine bankers, who used to make their transactions above a desk covered by a green tablecloth. [ 2 ] However, traces of banking activity can be found even in ancient times.
In fact, the word traces its origins back to the Ancient Roman Empire, where moneylenders would set up their stalls in the middle of enclosed courtyards called macella on a long bench called a bancu , from which the words banco and bank are derived. As a moneychanger, the merchant at the bancu did not so much invest money as merely convert the foreign currency into the only legal tender in Rome – that of the Imperial Mint. [ 3 ]
The role of commercial banks
Commercial banks engage in the following activities:
processing of payments by way of telegraphic transfer, EFTPOS, internet banking, or other means
issuing bank drafts and bank cheques
accepting money on term deposit
lending money by overdraft, installment loan, or other means
providing documentary and standby letter of credit , guarantees, performance bonds, securities underwriting commitments and other forms of off balance sheet exposures
safekeeping of documents and other items in safe deposit boxes
sales, distribution or brokerage, with or without advice, of: insurance, unit trusts and similar financial procts as a “financial supermarket”
cash management and treasury
merchant banking and private equity financing
traditionally, large commercial banks also underwrite bonds, and make markets in currency, interest rates, and credit-related securities, but today large commercial banks usually have an investment bank arm that is involved in the mentioned activities [ clarify ] .
Types of loans granted by commercial banks
Secured loan
A secured loan is a loan in which the borrower pledges some asset (eg a car or property) as collateral for the loan, which then becomes a secured debt owed to the creditor who gives the loan. The debt is thus secured against the collateral — in the event that the borrower defaults, the creditor takes possession of the asset used as collateral and may sell it to regain some or all of the amount originally lent to the borrower, for example, foreclosure of a home. From the creditor's perspective this is a category of debt in which a lender has been granted a portion of the bundle of rights to specified property. If the sale of the collateral does not raise enough money to pay off the debt, the creditor can often obtain a deficiency judgment against the borrower for the remaining amount. The opposite of secured debt/loan is unsecured debt, which is not connected to any specific piece of property and instead the creditor may only satisfy the debt against the borrower rather than the borrower's collateral and the borrower.
Mortgage loan
A mortgage loan is a very common type of debt instrument, used to purchase real estate. Under this arrangement, the money is used to purchase the property. Commercial banks, however, are given security - a lien on the title to the house - until the mortgage is paid off in full. If the borrower defaults on the loan, the bank would have the legal right to repossess the house and sell it, to recover sums owing to it.
In the past, commercial banks have not been greatly interested in real estate loans and have placed only a relatively small percentage of assets in mortgages. As their name implies, such financial institutions secured their earning primarily from commercial and consumer loans and left the major task of home financing to others. However, e to changes in banking laws and policies, commercial banks are increasingly active in home financing.
Changes in banking laws now allow commercial banks to make home mortgage loans on a more liberal basis than ever before. In acquiring mortgages on real estate, these institutions follow two main practices. First, some of the banks maintain active and well-organized departments whose primary function is to compete actively for real estate loans. In areas lacking specialized real estate financial institutions, these banks become the source for residential and farm mortgage loans. Second, the banks acquire mortgages by simply purchasing them from mortgage bankers or dealers.
In addition, dealer service companies, which were originally used to obtain car loans for permanent lenders such as commercial banks, wanted to broaden their activity beyond their local area. In recent years, however, such companies have concentrated on acquiring mobile home loans in volume for both commercial banks and savings and loan associations. Service companies obtain these loans from retail dealers, usually on a nonrecourse basis. Almost all bank/service company agreements contain a credit insurance policy that protects the lender if the consumer defaults.
Unsecured loan
[Unsecured Loans] are monetary loans that are not secured against the borrower's assets (ie, no collateral is involved). These may be available from financial institutions under many different guises or marketing packages:
bank overdrafts
An overdraft occurs when money is withdrawn from a bank account and the available balance goes below zero. In this situation the account is said to be "overdrawn". If there is a prior agreement with the account provider for an overdraft, and the amount overdrawn is within the authorized overdraft limit, then interest is normally charged at the agreed rate. If the POSITIVE balance exceeds the agreed terms, then additional fees may be charged and higher interest rates may apply.
corporate bonds
credit card debt
credit facilities or lines of credit
personal loans
What makes a bank limited liability company
A corporate bond is a bond issued by a corporation. It is a bond that a corporation issues to raise money in order to expand its business.[1] The term is usually applied to longer-term debt instruments, generally with a maturity date falling at least a year after their issue date. (The term "commercial paper" is sometimes used for instruments with a shorter maturity.) Sometimes, the term "corporate bonds" is used to include all bonds except those issued by governments in their own currencies. Strictly speaking, however, it only applies to those issued by corporations. The bonds of local authorities and supranational organizations do not fit in either category.[clarification needed] Corporate bonds are often listed on major exchanges (bonds there are called "listed" bonds) and ECNs like Bonds.com and MarketAxess, and the coupon (ie interest payment) is usually taxable. Sometimes this coupon can be zero with a high redemption value. However, despite being listed on exchanges, the vast majority of trading volume in corporate bonds in most developed markets takes place in decentralized, dealer-based, over-the-counter markets. Some corporate bonds have an embedded call option that allows the issuer to redeem the debt before its maturity date. Other bonds, known as convertible bonds, allow investors to convert the bond into equity. Corporate Credit spreads may alternatively be earned in exchange for default risk through the mechanism of Credit Default Swaps which give an unfunded synthetic exposure to similar risks on the same 'Reference Entities'. However, owing to quite volatile CDS 'basis' the spreads on CDS and the credit spreads on corporate bonds can be significantly different.
Assets and Liabilities of Commercial Banks in the United States
Glass-Steagall Act
Mortgage constant
⑧ 急求关于商业银行信用风险的中英文对照文章，要外文文献，不要本国的
免费外文文献可以到
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查询。
翻译一般得自己翻，或者找人付费。
⑨ 商业银行是不是有可能成为股票市场上的股东这段文章看不懂哦
在中国不可能，因为中国规定不准银行从事金融投资业务。
⑩ 跪求介绍商业银行组织结构或与其相关的英文原文文章，100分
老兄，这里给您列出两篇文章， 其中一篇就在下文，是非常简单地介绍商业银行的大体结构的文章；另外一篇文章的链接我给在参考资料中，是一篇论文，对商业银行的架构、管理体制、运行方式的国际化比较。希望能对您和您的女友有帮助。 （您是个好男人，呵呵，加油！）
Structure of Commercial Banks
Contributor： By Anastasia Zoldak , eHow Contributing Writer
Commercial banks are also called business or consumer banks. These banks provide services to the public that consist of checking, savings and money market accounts, and other traditional banking services, such as safety deposit boxes.
History of Commercial Banks
In 1933, Congress enacted the Glass-Steagall Act in an effort to avoid another banking collapse. This law forced banks into two separate business entities, the securities business and commercial banking. As a result, security banks dealt with investment business and commercial banks provided financial services directly to businesses and consumers.
Upper Executive Management
Stockholders own commercial banks that elect a board of directors. The boards of directors are responsible for making the commercial bank profitable and creating polices to facilitate that goal.
The board selects the bank's officers, who are responsible for creating a business strategy based on the boards recommendations. The bank officers include the president, vice president, treasurer and secretary.
Executive Divisions
The bank officers appoint department managers, who head up each banking division. These divisions vary from bank to bank, but most include some form of the following: loan, credit, auditing, trust, consumer banking and business. Within each division, there are a president and various vice president.
The loan division oversees a variety of commercial loans including home mortgages and auto and personal loans.
The credit division is responsible for unsecured debt, such as credit cards.
The audit division makes sure that all government regulations and bank proceres are followed. They also oversee the internal security of the bank.
The trust division monitors legal trusts to make sure they follow government and legal guidelines. Trusts are overseen by a trustee who manages property, assets and the trust holder's requirements for the beneficiaries.
Consumer banking supports the retail division of the bank. This includes working with other executive divisions to solve banking issues and to execute policy.
The business department handles everything to do with business accounts. This includes loans, checking, savings and other business-related banking.
Retail Division
The retail division of a commercial bank interfaces with the public the most. The corner bank is a part of a retail division in a commercial bank. Retail banks are run by a bank manager, who oversees the various departments within the bank, such as business, loans and consumer banking. Each department is supported by a corresponding executive division.
The retail division helps consumers open and manage accounts, apply for loans and provide other banking services. Bank tellers are normally the first person a consumer meets when doing business with a bank.
Commercial Banking Services
Commercial banks engage in a number of banking services. They process payments, oversee installment loans, provide notary services, safe-keep items in safe deposit boxes and issue bank drafts and checks. The larger commercial banks also underwrite procts such as bonds and direct investors to their partner investment bank.
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第二篇见下面参考资料