『壹』 國際貿易對生活的影響 作文
在向信息經濟世界的轉變過程中，傳統商務由於存在太多的弊端，已經不能勝任現時條件下的貿易環境。電子商務作為網際網路技術發展日益成熟的直接結果，是未來商業發展的新方向。
電子商務（Electronic Commence）是一種以電子數據交換EDI和Internet網上交易為主要內容的全新商務模式。其體現的開放性、全球性、地域性、低成本和高效率等內在特徵，在符合商業經濟內在要求的同時，還使其超越了作為一種新的貿易形式所具有的價值。它不僅改變了企業本身的生產、經營、管理，而且對傳統的貿易方式帶來沖擊。其最明顯的標志就是增加了貿易機會、降低貿易成本、提高貿易效益。在帶動經濟結構變革的同時，對整個現代經濟生活產生了巨大而且深遠的影響。
對此，中國作為經濟正在發展的貿易大國，在電子商務的挑戰之下，要同時面對其帶來的壓力和機遇，進行自我調整，以求跟上其快速變革的步伐。要大力發展電子商務，在今後的貿易競爭中占據主動，應拿出自己的舉措，以贏得和發達國家站在同一起跑線上的機會。
關鍵詞 電子商務 數據交換 網際網路 國際貿易
『貳』 關於英語國際貿易的作文或句子`
加入WTO與我國貿易制度的調整與重構 http://www.zk168.com.cn/INFO/Study/FreeThesis/EconomyManagementThesis/InternationalTrade/14371744.html 西方工業國貿易保護的歷史演進和發展趨勢分析 http://www.zk168.com.cn/INFO/Study/FreeThesis/EconomyManagementThesis/InternationalTrade/12082661.html 外貿乘數法的擴展與中國貿易收支的實證分析 http://www.zk168.com.cn/INFO/Study/FreeThesis/EconomyManagementThesis/InternationalTrade/14372056.html 希望對你有所幫助！！~~
『叄』 有木有外貿大神……求作文，關於支付方式的外貿函電，來函和回函，跪求，急！！！
這份來作業的要求很明確，源必須是實際寫出郵件發給對方，然後對方根據你的郵件內容，再回復郵件，討論支付方式，爭取對本公司有利的付款方式。
這種類型的作業需要你具備良好的英語函電，以及良好的外貿實務的學習經歷，如果你並沒有學好這兩門課程，你根本就無法完成作業。由別人提供的郵件當作業，根本沒有任何用處，老師肯定不會給你成績的。
『肆』 國際貿易的日語作文
我寫出來翻譯成日語，你慢慢抄上去好了。
我去下個日語翻譯文件來，等等
工業製品の市場への無料の植民地時代の資本主義國の國に投棄し、高収益を入手して參照します。主に、最初の產業革命で、產業革命の間の2番目の會議には、最初の產業革命資本の自由の資本主義段階の後、対外経済略奪略奪に形成し、植民地の主要原材料の市場は、植民地支配されている処理をするため、その原材料を略奪し、高収益は、市場への侵略、植民地などの手段によって行わgunboats売卻し、資本主義発展の獨占段階への第二次產業革命へのを補完するものとしては、モデルの資本財生產財の輸出を主な対象としての出力に1つの変化から経済的な変化の植民地侵略。國際市場の開発は現在非常に人気がある商品を頻繁に投棄するのは少し違う、と呼ばれている今では安価な商品投棄され、植民地時代の投棄に高価です。
歐米の大國中國の產業と原材料の投棄は、獨自の手で工場の製品は、アヘンは、歐米の大國を含むこれらの製品、またはポートに工場を建設し（非常に）ほとんどは、中國の安い労働力や原材料を活用略奪し、中國の人々の榨取。資本財の輸出は1840年に1895年以前の出力は"條約"締結の年で、輸出の大半の商品があります。その本質は、植民地市場を支配することです。
『伍』 求一篇有關國際經濟與貿易的英語文章!
Today, the foreign trade of the country or region's economic development is playing an increasingly important role. one country to achieve rapid economic development of economy must learn to use both international and domestic market. foreign trade, by removing the rewards of resources optimization disposition. the trade of the analysis is usually divided into of analysis and the structural analysis, the total amount is to analyze questions from the angle, and the structural analysis from the perspective of the importance of examining trade act.And structure of foreign trade is a national or regional economic development and instrial structure and commodities in international competition, in the international division of labour and international trade in a comprehensive response and commodity structure and regional structure is an important part of the structure of foreign trade. china's accession to wto in 2001, foreign trade has increased rapidly to become the united states, the two countries of the world's third largest trader, but with the rapid development of our foreign trade.The structural problems more and more manifest, for example, the commodity structure is irrational and exports remained low added value of procts. moreover, our foreign trade in merchandise trade is far greater than service trade, so the study of our foreign trade structure is a study of our proct import and export commodity structure, optimize. the article from our foreign trade structure of goods and regional structure has to start.Analysed our import and export trade, and finally made to realize the import and export of strategic goals. the article falls into five chapters, the first three chapters to focus on the development of our foreign trade and the structure of foreign trade in goods and regional structure, the fourth chapter, the introction of our foreign trade, most of the current structure of foreign trade import and export trade and development in order to achieve the strategic objective measures and export of the regrouping.
當今社會，對外貿易在國家或者地區的經濟發展中扮演著越來越重要的角色。一國要獲得經濟快速的經濟發展，必須學會利用國際國內兩個市場。通過對外貿易，進行物產的互通有無，從而實現資源的優化配置。對貿易行為的分析通常分為總量分析和結構分析，總量分析是從量的角度分析問題，而結構分析更注重從質的角度考察貿易行為。而對外貿易結構是一國或地區經濟技術發展水平、產業結構狀況、商品國際競爭能力、在國際分工和國際貿易中的地位等的綜合反映，而商品結構和區域結構是對外貿易結構的重要組成部分。中國從2001年加入WTO以來，對外貿易快速增長，以成為即美、日兩國以後的世界第三大貿易國，但是隨著我國對外貿易的快速發展，在結構上的問題越來越多的顯現出來，例如商品結構的不合理，出口產品仍然是低附加值產品。而且，我國的對外貿易中商品貿易額遠遠大於服務貿易額，因此研究我國的對外貿易結構主要是研究我國的商品進出口貿易，達到商品結構的優化。本文將從我國對外貿易結構中的商品結構和區域結構入手，來分析我國的進出口貿易，最後提出為了實現進出口貿易戰略目標的措施。全文分為五章，前三章主要講我國對外貿易的發展現狀和對外貿易結構中的商品結構和區域結構的分析,第四章講,我國在引入外資時對我國進出口貿易的影響,最針對當前的對外貿易結構,提出進出口貿易發展中為了實現戰略目標的措施和出口商品的優化措施。
『陸』 求2~3篇的關於國際貿易的英文文章~~謝謝
International trade is the exchange of capital, goods and services across international boundaries or territories.[1] In most countries, it represents a significant share of GDP. While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. Instrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system. Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization. International trade is a major source of economic revenue for any nation that is considered a world power. Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services proced within their own borders.
International trade is in principle not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade does not change fundamentally depending on whether trade is across a border or not. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs e to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or a different culture.
Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of proction such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of proction. Then trade in good and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of proction. Instead of importing the factor of proction a country can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of proction and are thus embodying the respective factor. An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from China. Instead of importing Chinese labor the United States is importing goods from China that were proced with Chinese labor.
International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international economics.
Models
Several different models have been proposed to predict patterns of trade and to analyze the effects of trade policies such as tariffs.
[edit] Ricardian model
Main article: Ricardian model
The Ricardian model focuses on comparative advantage and is perhaps the most important concept in international trade theory. In a Ricardian model, countries specialize in procing what they proce best. Unlike other models, the Ricardian framework predicts that countries will fully specialize instead of procing a broad array of goods. Also, the Ricardian model does not directly consider factor endowments, such as the relative amounts of labor and capital within a country.
[edit] Heckscher-Ohlin model
Main article: Heckscher-Ohlin model
The Heckscher-Ohlin model was proced as an alternative to the Ricardian model of basic comparative advantage. Despite its greater complexity it did not prove much more accurate in its predictions. However from a theoretical point of view it did provide an elegant solution by incorporating the neoclassical price mechanism into international trade theory.
The theory argues that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor endowments. It predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of locally abundant factors and will import goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce. Empirical problems with the H-O model, known as the Leontief paradox, were exposed in empirical tests by Wassily Leontief who found that the United States tended to export labor intensive goods despite having a capital abundance.
[edit] Specific factors model
In this model, labour mobility between instries is possible while capital is immobile between instries in the short-run. Thus, this model can be interpreted as a 'short run' version of the Heckscher-Ohlin model. The specific factors name refers to the given that in the short-run specific factors of proction, such as physical capital, are not easily transferable between instries. The theory suggests that if there is an increase in the price of a good, the owners of the factor of proction specific to that good will profit in real terms. Additionally, owners of opposing specific factors of proction (i.e. labour and capital) are likely to have opposing agendas when lobbying for controls over immigration of labour. Conversely, both owners of capital and labour profit in real terms from an increase in the capital endowment. This model is ideal for particular instries. This model is ideal for understanding income distribution but awkward for discussing the pattern of trade!
[edit] New Trade Theory
Main article: New Trade Theory
New Trade theory tries to explain several facts about trade, which the two main models above have difficulty with. These include the fact that most trade is between countries with similar factor endowment and proctivity levels, and the large amount of multinational proction (ie foreign direct investment) which exists. In one example of this framework, the economy exhibits monopolistic competition, and increasing returns to scale.
[edit] Gravity model
Main article: Gravity model of trade
The Gravity model of trade presents a more empirical analysis of trading patterns rather than the more theoretical models discussed above. The gravity model, in its basic form, predicts trade based on the distance between countries and the interaction of the countries' economic sizes. The model mimics the Newtonian law of gravity which also considers distance and physical size between two objects. The model has been proven to be empirically strong through econometric analysis. Other factors such as income level, diplomatic relationships between countries, and trade policies are also included in expanded versions of the model.
[edit] Regulation of international trade
Traditionally trade was regulated through bilateral treaties between two nations. For centuries under the belief in Mercantilism most nations had high tariffs and many restrictions on international trade. In the 19th century, especially in Britain, a belief in free trade became paramount. This belief became the dominant thinking among western nations since then despite the acknowledgement that adoption of the policy coincided with the general decline of Great Britain. In the years since the Second World War, controversial multilateral treaties like the GATT and World Trade Organization have attempted to create a globally regulated trade structure. These trade agreements have often resulted in protest and discontent with claims of unfair trade that is not mutually beneficial.
Free trade is usually most strongly supported by the most economically powerful nations, though they often engage in selective protectionism for those instries which are strategically important such as the protective tariffs applied to agriculture by the United States and Europe. The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were both strong advocates of free trade when they were economically dominant, today the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan are its greatest proponents. However, many other countries (such as India, China and Russia) are increasingly becoming advocates of free trade as they become more economically powerful themselves. As tariff levels fall there is also an increasing willingness to negotiate non tariff measures, including foreign direct investment, procurement and trade facilitation. The latter looks at the transaction cost associated with meeting trade and customs proceres.
Traditionally agricultural interests are usually in favour of free trade while manufacturing sectors often support protectionism. This has changed somewhat in recent years, however. In fact, agricultural lobbies, particularly in the United States, Europe and Japan, are chiefly responsible for particular rules in the major international trade treaties which allow for more protectionist measures in agriculture than for most other goods and services.
During recessions there is often strong domestic pressure to increase tariffs to protect domestic instries. This occurred around the world ring the Great Depression. Many economists have attempted to portray tariffs as the underlining reason behind the collapse in world trade that many believe seriously deepened the depression.
The regulation of international trade is done through the World Trade Organization at the global level, and through several other regional arrangements such as MERCOSUR in South America, NAFTA between the United States, Canada and Mexico, and the European Union between 27 independent states. The 2005 Buenos Aires talks on the planned establishment of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) failed largely e to opposition from the populations of Latin American nations. Similar agreements such as the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment) have also failed in recent years.
[edit] Risks in international trade
The risks that exist in international trade can be divided into two major groups
『柒』 求一篇國際貿易的作文，200字的。。。內容只要是有關國際貿易的
馬克思主義、鄧小平理論是我們研究社會科學的指導思想，國際貿易學科屬於社會科學，因此，我們必須堅持馬克思主義的立場和方法去研究國際貿易。堅持馬克思主義並不是簡單重復馬克思說過的話，而是指運用他的立場觀點和思想方法去研究問題。相當長的一個時期內，人們把蘇聯當年在特殊情況下用計劃經濟方法搞經濟建設和對外貿易，看作是社會主義必須具有的形式，但鄧小平卻提出，計劃和市場只是兩種方法，社會主義和資本主義經濟都能採用，並提出中國應當利用國內和國際兩個市場、兩種資源來建設社會主義經濟，從理論上解決社會經濟採用市場經濟方法，以及參與國際分工和國際貿易等一系列問題。這是以鄧小平為代表的中國共產黨人創造性運用馬克思主義方法研究國際經貿問題的典範。
具體來說，我們在國際貿易學科的研究中，應當採用的方法有以下一些：
（一）堅持歷史唯物主義和辯證唯物主義
由馬克思所揭示的歷史唯物主義是我們研究一切社會科學的銳利思想武器。是一定的生產力發展水平制約著人們的意識形態和上層建築，人們對國際經貿活動規律的認識離不開一定的生產力發展水平的制約。從生產方式所包括的生產力和生產關系兩個方面來說，生產力起決定作用的因素。國際貿易作為商品交換關系的一部分，體現了各國的生產關系，這種關系發展水平歸根到底是由生產力發展水平來決定的。
當然我們不能機械地理解和運用馬克思主義的歷史唯物主義。強調生產力的決定作用並不妨礙我們承認上層建築對經濟基礎的反作用，以及生產關系對生產力發展的重要作用。任何機械地、片面地理解歷史唯物主義只會導致國際貿易研究走入岐途。
（二）遵循歷史與邏輯統一的原則
馬克思主義認為經濟學是一門歷史的科學，應當從經濟發展的歷史中，尋找和發現其中的規律。如果說自然科學可以採用顯微鏡和化學試劑去揭示物體的特徵，那麼在經濟學中只能運用抽象的方法，從經濟發展的歷史和現實中提煉出規律性的東西。歷史和邏輯的辯證統一是我們研究包括國際貿易在內的經濟理論的方法論基礎。離開對大量經濟現象的抽象分析去談國際貿易的規律是沒有意義的。而從歷史和現實材料中抽象出來的規律能夠使我們更主動積極和高效率地去發展對外貿易和社會主義經濟。事實上，各國的歷史與現實會有很大的差異，從中抽象出適用於一切國家和一切時期的經濟規律不會很多，需要我們化更多功夫的是應當從不同國家的歷史和現實中尋找出適用於各種不同環境條件的規律，這對於我們建設社會主義市場經濟更顯得重要。
（三）理論與實踐相結合的方法
理論是實踐經驗的總結和提煉，而實踐又是是對理論進行檢驗的唯一標准。只有經過實踐檢驗證明是正確的理論，才能對人們的實踐起指導作用。我們之所以要研究國際貿易，就是為了指導我們的實踐。我們應當消除那麼種陳腐的觀念，似乎存在著一種不需要經過實踐證明的「先驗的真理」，其他一切觀點和理論是否正確就看它們是否符合這種先驗的真理，我國在社會主義建設問題上，有相當一段時期內就是受到這種教條主義的束縛。那時期判斷一種觀點是否正確，就看它是否符合革命導師說過的話。把革命導師根據他們那時候實踐總結出來的理論觀點，把他們寫的書本作為檢驗真理的標准。直到改革開放以後，我國的思想理論界通過「實踐是檢驗真理的唯一標准」的大討論，才從這種「左」的教條主義中解放出來。以鄧小平為代表的黨的第二代領導，依據中外社會主義革命和建設的歷史經驗，以及現實環境，果斷地作出改革開放的決策，走社會主義市場經濟的道路，使我國經濟建設獲得了舉世矚目的高速增長。誠然，實踐是不斷發展的，環境也在不斷變化，因此，理論也應當隨著實踐而不斷發展。
『捌』 關於我的作文400字外貿特點眼睛興趣愛好
我是一個很普通的女孩，但在他們眼裡我有些不一般。
我的外表不好看，但還對得起觀眾，同學說初次看一般，但是越看越好看，他們說這叫「耐看」。而我也不在意我的外貌，所以我的穿著也很普通，休閑或運動裝，通常是全身白色，包括鞋襪。
我是個農村長大的孩子，小時侯爸媽不在身邊。記憶里沒有清晰的事件，但我記得那時常被其他小孩會欺負的感覺。我是和爺爺一起生活，爺爺是個知識分子，所以我即使被人欺負，爺爺也總只會告訴我要隱忍和包容。可是我覺得很委屈，想他們為什麼可以告訴爸媽，要爸媽護著，而我卻不能。我覺得他們很可怕，他們會很大聲地喊我「野種」，而我每次都只會哭
我開始畏懼人，開始恨我的爸媽，我想不明白為什麼我不可以像他們一樣。我因為畏懼人而盡量避開人，即使在路上遇見認識的鄰居我也不會打招呼，只顧低頭往前走。所以直到現在，鄰居總還是會說小時候的我很不懂禮貌。而我也從未向任何人解釋過那時是因為害怕。小時侯的我便這樣慢慢變得孤僻、膽小，記得小學時第一次被老師叫起來回答問題，我剛開口眼淚便掉下來了，同學都在笑，那時我覺得他們更加可怕。自從那以後每次老師叫我回答問題，不管我知道不知道，我都是一直站著沉默，這種狀態到初二才改變。但我依然容易哭泣。
『玖』 求一篇與國際貿易相關的英文文章
國際貿易International trade is the exchange of capital, goods and services across international boundaries or territories.[1] In most countries, it represents a significant share of GDP. While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. Instrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system. Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization. International trade is a major source of economic revenue for any nation that is considered a world power. Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services proced within their own borders.
International trade is in principle not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade does not change fundamentally depending on whether trade is across a border or not. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs e to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or a different culture.
Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of proction such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of proction. Then trade in good and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of proction. Instead of importing the factor of proction a country can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of proction and are thus embodying the respective factor. An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from China. Instead of importing Chinese labor the United States is importing goods from China that were proced with Chinese labor.
International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international economics.
Models
Several different models have been proposed to predict patterns of trade and to analyze the effects of trade policies such as tariffs.
[edit] Ricardian model
Main article: Ricardian model
The Ricardian model focuses on comparative advantage and is perhaps the most important concept in international trade theory. In a Ricardian model, countries specialize in procing what they proce best. Unlike other models, the Ricardian framework predicts that countries will fully specialize instead of procing a broad array of goods. Also, the Ricardian model does not directly consider factor endowments, such as the relative amounts of labor and capital within a country.
[edit] Heckscher-Ohlin model
Main article: Heckscher-Ohlin model
The Heckscher-Ohlin model was proced as an alternative to the Ricardian model of basic comparative advantage. Despite its greater complexity it did not prove much more accurate in its predictions. However from a theoretical point of view it did provide an elegant solution by incorporating the neoclassical price mechanism into international trade theory.
The theory argues that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor endowments. It predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of locally abundant factors and will import goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce. Empirical problems with the H-O model, known as the Leontief paradox, were exposed in empirical tests by Wassily Leontief who found that the United States tended to export labor intensive goods despite having a capital abundance.
[edit] Specific factors model
In this model, labour mobility between instries is possible while capital is immobile between instries in the short-run. Thus, this model can be interpreted as a 'short run' version of the Heckscher-Ohlin model. The specific factors name refers to the given that in the short-run specific factors of proction, such as physical capital, are not easily transferable between instries. The theory suggests that if there is an increase in the price of a good, the owners of the factor of proction specific to that good will profit in real terms. Additionally, owners of opposing specific factors of proction (i.e. labour and capital) are likely to have opposing agendas when lobbying for controls over immigration of labour. Conversely, both owners of capital and labour profit in real terms from an increase in the capital endowment. This model is ideal for particular instries. This model is ideal for understanding income distribution but awkward for discussing the pattern of trade!
[edit] New Trade Theory
Main article: New Trade Theory
New Trade theory tries to explain several facts about trade, which the two main models above have difficulty with. These include the fact that most trade is between countries with similar factor endowment and proctivity levels, and the large amount of multinational proction (ie foreign direct investment) which exists. In one example of this framework, the economy exhibits monopolistic competition, and increasing returns to scale.
[edit] Gravity model
Main article: Gravity model of trade
The Gravity model of trade presents a more empirical analysis of trading patterns rather than the more theoretical models discussed above. The gravity model, in its basic form, predicts trade based on the distance between countries and the interaction of the countries' economic sizes. The model mimics the Newtonian law of gravity which also considers distance and physical size between two objects. The model has been proven to be empirically strong through econometric analysis. Other factors such as income level, diplomatic relationships between countries, and trade policies are also included in expanded versions of the model.
[edit] Regulation of international trade
Traditionally trade was regulated through bilateral treaties between two nations. For centuries under the belief in Mercantilism most nations had high tariffs and many restrictions on international trade. In the 19th century, especially in Britain, a belief in free trade became paramount. This belief became the dominant thinking among western nations since then despite the acknowledgement that adoption of the policy coincided with the general decline of Great Britain. In the years since the Second World War, controversial multilateral treaties like the GATT and World Trade Organization have attempted to create a globally regulated trade structure. These trade agreements have often resulted in protest and discontent with claims of unfair trade that is not mutually beneficial.
Free trade is usually most strongly supported by the most economically powerful nations, though they often engage in selective protectionism for those instries which are strategically important such as the protective tariffs applied to agriculture by the United States and Europe. The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were both strong advocates of free trade when they were economically dominant, today the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan are its greatest proponents. However, many other countries (such as India, China and Russia) are increasingly becoming advocates of free trade as they become more economically powerful themselves. As tariff levels fall there is also an increasing willingness to negotiate non tariff measures, including foreign direct investment, procurement and trade facilitation. The latter looks at the transaction cost associated with meeting trade and customs proceres.
Traditionally agricultural interests are usually in favour of free trade while manufacturing sectors often support protectionism. This has changed somewhat in recent years, however. In fact, agricultural lobbies, particularly in the United States, Europe and Japan, are chiefly responsible for particular rules in the major international trade treaties which allow for more protectionist measures in agriculture than for most other goods and services.
During recessions there is often strong domestic pressure to increase tariffs to protect domestic instries. This occurred around the world ring the Great Depression. Many economists have attempted to portray tariffs as the underlining reason behind the collapse in world trade that many believe seriously deepened the depression.
The regulation of international trade is done through the World Trade Organization at the global level, and through several other regional arrangements such as MERCOSUR in South America, NAFTA between the United States, Canada and Mexico, and the European Union between 27 independent states. The 2005 Buenos Aires talks on the planned establishment of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) failed largely e to opposition from the populations of Latin American nations. Similar agreements such as the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment) have also failed in recent years.
[edit] Risks in international trade
The risks that exist in international trade can be divided into two major groups
[edit] Economic risks
Risk of insolvency of the buyer,
Risk of protracted default - the failure of the buyer to pay the amount e within six months after the e date
Risk of non-acceptance
Surrendering economic sovereignty
Risk of Exchange rate
[edit] Political risks
Risk of cancellation or non-renewal of export or import licences
War risks
Risk of expropriation or confiscation of the importer's company
Risk of the imposition of an import ban after the shipment of the goods
Transfer risk - imposition of exchange controls by the importer's country or foreign currency shortages
Surrendering political sovereignty
Influence of political parties in importer's company