㈠ 與國際貿易有關的國際慣例有哪些
哦~其實 所謂的國際慣例 就是 各種條約 其中 主要有3個 國際貿易術語解釋通則 華沙—牛津規則 1941年美國對外貿易定義修訂本 了解了這3個條約 就應該沒什麼問題啦!以下是簡介 不明白的你可以網路一下你就知道!呵呵~ 希望能幫到你!
在國際貿易業務實踐中,因各國法律制度、貿易慣例和習慣做法不同,因此,國際上對各種貿易術語的理解與運作互有差異,從而容易引起貿易糾紛。為了避免各國在對貿易術語解釋上出現分歧和引起爭議,有些國際組織和商業團體便分別就某些貿易術語作出統一的解釋與規定,其中影響較大的主要有:國際商會制定的《國際貿易術語解釋通則》(International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms,簡稱INCOTERMS);國際法協會制定的《華沙—牛津規則》(Warsaw-Oxford Rules);美國一些商業團體制定的《1941年美國對外貿易定義修訂本》(Revised American Foreign Trade Defintion 1941)。
一、《1990年國際貿易術語解釋通則》
《1990年國際貿易術語解釋通則》是在《1980年國際貿易術語解釋通則》的基礎上修訂公布的,該《通則》於1990年7月1日生效。
(一)修訂《1980年通則》的原因
1、適應電子信息交換日益頻繁運用的需要當今世界已進入信息時代,電子信息交換(Electronic Data Interchange,
簡寫為EDI)在國際貿易業務中已越來越廣泛地被人們採用,以電子信息取代紙單證的做法日漸增多,使「無紙貿易」逐漸變成現實。在此形勢下,如何確保相應的電子信息與原來的紙單證具有同等的法律地位和法律效力,是一個亟待解決的很現實的重要問題。這個問題,只能隨著實踐的發展,由貿易慣例和法律來解決,這是國際商會修訂《1980年通則》最重的原因。
2、適應運輸技術的發展和運輸方式變革的需要隨著集裝箱運輸發展起來以後,傳統的單一的海運向多式聯運發展,貨物的交接地點也從傳統的「港—港」交接逐漸轉向「門—門」的交接。加之,海運中使用車輛裝卸的滾裝、滾卸運輸的出現,使原有的貿易術語無法適應現實業務的需要。因此,針對這種情況,對有關的貿易術語作相應的調整和改變,就顯得十分必要,這也是此次修訂《通則》的另一個重要原因。
(二)《1990年通則》的主要變化
《1990年通則》同《1980年通則》相比,變化很大,因此,《1990年通則》的公布和生效,標志著國際貿易慣例的重大發展。在《1990年通則中》,貿易術語的種類及其分類排列方法,貿易術語的國際代碼與使用范圍,買賣雙方義務劃分的標准以及單證的運用等方面,都有明顯的變化,其中最主要的變化有下列三個方面:
1、對各種貿易術語採取新的分類排列方法
在《1990年通則》中,根據賣方承擔義務的不同,對各種貿易術語重新予以分類排列,即將13種貿易術語劃分為下列四組:
E組(啟運):本組僅包括EXW(工廠交貨)一種貿易術語。當賣方在自己的地點(即原產地)將貨物交給買方支配時,則採用此術語。
F組(主要運費未付):本組包括FCA(貨交承運人)、FAS(裝運港船邊交貨)和FOB(裝運港船上交貨)三種貿易術語。在採用裝運地或裝運港交貨條件成交而主要運費未付的情況下,即要求賣方將貨物交至買方指定的承運人時,應採用此類術語。
C組(主要運費已付):本組包括CFR(成本加運費)、CIF(成本、保險費加運費)、CPT(運費付至目的地)和 CIP(運費、保險費付至目的地)四種貿易術語。在採用裝運地或裝運港交貨條件而主要運費已付的情況下,則採用此類貿易術語。按此類術語成交,賣方必須訂立運輸合同,但對貨物發生滅失或損壞的風險以及貨物發運後發生事件所產生的費用,賣方不承擔責任。
D組(抵達):本組包括DAF(邊境交貨)、DES(目的港船上交貨)、DEQ(目的港碼頭交貨)、DDU(未完稅交貨)和 DDP(完稅後交貨)五種貿易術語。在按目的地或目的港交貨條件成交,即要求賣方必須承擔貨物交至目的地國家所需要的費用和風險時,則選用此類術語。
C組(抵達):本組包括DAF(邊境交貨)、DES(目的港船上交貨)、DEQ(目的港碼頭交貨)、DDU(未完稅交貨)和 DDP(完稅後交貨)五種貿易術語。在按目的地或目的港交貨條件成交,即要求賣方必須承擔貨物交至目的地國家所需要的費用和風險時,則選用此類術語。國際商會在《1990年通則》中,對各種貿易術語採取上述分類排列方法,較前更為科學和合理。這種新的分類排列方法具有明顯的優點,它既便於理解,也容易記憶。為了便於查找和記憶各種貿易術語,使一一目瞭然,特將貿易術語分類排列如下:
《1990年通則》(INCOTERMS 1990)
E組(Group E)
啟運(Departure)
EXW(Ex Works) 工廠交貨
F組(Group F)
主要運費未付(Main Carriage Unpaid)
(1)FCA (Free Carrier) 貨交承運人
(2)FAS (Free Alongside Ship) 裝運港船邊交貨
(3)FOB (Free on Board) 裝運港船上交貨
C組(Group C)
主要運費已付(Main Carriage Paid)
(1)CFR (Cost and Freight) 成本加運費
(2)CIF (Cost,Insurance and Freight) 成本、保險費加運費
(3)CPT (Carriage Paid To) 運費付至目的地
(4)CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid To) 運費、保險費付至目的地
D組(Group D)
抵達(Arrival)
(1)DAF (Delivered At Frontier) 邊境交貨
(2)DES (Delivered Ex Ship) 目的港船上交貨
(3)DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay) 目的港碼頭交貨
(4)DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid) 未完稅交貨
(5)DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) 完稅後交貨
2、對買賣雙方的義務採取相互對應的標准化的規定辦法在《1990年通則》中,還採取標准化的、相互對應的規定辦法,將買賣雙方各自承擔的義務分別用10個項目列出,從而極大地便利了雙方當事人對《通則》的使用,尤其便於交易雙方相互比較和對照檢查。現將各種貿易術語所規定的買賣雙方相互對應的10項義務,分別列表如下:
賣 方 買 方
A1. 提供符合合同規定的貨物 B1.支付貨款
A2. 許可證、批准文件及海關手續 B2.許可證、批准文件及海關手續
A3. 運輸合同與保險合同 B3.運輸合同
A4. 交貨 B4.受領貨物
A5. 風險轉移 B5.風險轉移
A6. 費用劃分 B6.費用劃分
A7. 通知買方 B7.通知賣方
A8. 交貨憑證、運輸單證或相應的 B8.交貨憑證、運輸單證或相應的電子信息 電子信息
A9. 核查、包裝及標記 B9.貨物檢驗
A10. 其他義務 B10.其他義務
通過上表,可以看出買賣雙方義務的劃分標准比較明確,這有利於合同當事人分別履行各自承擔的義務。
3、紙單證可以被相應的電子信息取代在《1990年通則》中,買賣雙方約定以電子方式聯絡時,規定當事人提供的各種單證,可以由相應的電子信息(EDI)所取代。這是《1990年通則》的一個突出特點。
二、《1932年華沙—牛津規則》
為了對CIF合同雙方的權利與義務作出統一的規定與解釋,國際法協會特製定了《華沙—牛津規則》,為那些按CIF貿易術語成交的買賣雙方提供了一套可在CIF合同中易於使用的統一規則,供買賣雙方自願採用。在買賣雙方缺乏標准合同格式或共同交易條件的情況下,買賣雙方可以約定採用此項規劃。《華沙—牛津規則》自1932年公布後,一直沿用至今,並成為國際貿易中頗有影響的國際貿易慣例。這是因為,此項《規則》在一定程度上反映了各國對 CIF合同的一般解釋。不僅如此,其中某些規定的原則,還可適用於其他合同。例如,《華沙—牛津規則》規定,在 CIF合同中,貨物所有權移轉於買方的時間,應當是賣方把裝運單據(提單)交給買方的時刻,即以交單時間作為所有權移轉的時間。此項原則,雖是針對 CIF合同的特點制定的,但一般認為也可適用於賣方有提供提單義務的其他合同。
三、《1941年美國對外貿易定義修訂本》
《1941年美國對外貿易定義修訂本》也是國際貿易中具有一定影響的國際貿易慣例,這不僅在美國使用,而且也為加拿大和一些拉丁美洲國家所採用。該定義對Ex Point of Orign、FAS、FOB、C&F、CIF和Ex Dock等六種貿易術語作了釋。值得注意的是,該《定義》把FOB分為六種類型,其中只有第五種,即裝運港船上交貨(FOB Vessel),才同國際貿易中一般通用的 FOB的含義大體相同,而其餘五種 FOB的含義則完全不同。為了具體說明買賣雙方在各種貿易術語下各自承擔的義務,在此修訂本所列各種貿易術語之後,一般附有注釋。這些注釋,實際上是貿易術語定義不可分割的組成部分。
上述有關貿易貿易術語的現行國際貿易慣例,是建立在當事人「意思自治」的基礎上,具有任意法的性質。因此,買賣雙方商訂合同時,可以規定適用某些慣例,也可以變更、修改規則中的任何條款或增添其他條款,即是否採用上
述慣例,悉憑自願。在中國進出口貿易業務中,採用國際商會的規定和解釋的居多,如按CIF條件成交還可同時採用《華沙—牛津規則》的規定和解釋。如從美國和加拿大按FOB條件進口時,在規定合同條款和履行合同時,還應考慮《1941年美國對外貿易定義修訂本》對FOB術語的特殊解釋與運用
㈡ 與外貿銷售相近相關職業有哪些
你好
外貿、工貿等進出口公司,銀行國際結算部,貨運代理等物流公司,海關,學校當該專業的老師,這些都是與國貿專業相關的職業。
㈢ 與國際貿易專業相關的職業
·培養目標:
本專業培養具有外貿專業理論和實務知識及技能,熟悉國際貿易的版基本原理和方法、貨物儲運的權基本環節,熟練掌握計算機及1—2門外語的復合型、外向型的國際貿易專門人才。
·就業方向:
學生畢業後,適合在涉外經濟崗位、外經貿部門及各類工商企業從事外貿與涉外的報關、外貿運輸保險等工作。
·主要課程:
會計學基礎、國際市場營銷、外貿英語函電、國際貨運、報關原理與實務、關稅理論與實務、外貿單證、進出口實務、國際商法、期貨期權交易、管理學概論、國際金融、國際貿易、國際投資理論與實務、中國對外貿易概論等課程。
·證書:
學生在學完全部課程的同時將獲得電子商務員等相關證書。
㈣ 求與國際貿易有關的熱門話題
跨國收購就現在國際貿易的一個熱點
㈤ 有關國際貿易的工作有什麼
1、市場/公關
企業通過媒介的介紹、傳播,和觀眾的交流、溝通和互動,在公眾面前樹立並強化公司的品牌形象,在市場競爭中贏得先機。而在這一系列活動安排中,專業公關是企業的好幫手。
隨著公關人才的需求看漲,原本從事市場、媒體、新聞、中文、企業公關的部分人才將眼光投向了公關行業。這個行業對人員的素質要求很高,員工個個都是精兵強將。即使是有新聞、企業公關等工作經驗的人加入該行業,都需要從頭做起,晉升到總監級更需經歷10多年的奮斗。
2、營銷人員
對於以技術為背景的行業裡面,例如電訊、軟體等,銷售的需求仍然會持續走高。即使在非技術領域,銷售職位也一直是市場需求最旺盛的職位類別之一。
優秀的銷售人員需要的素質包括:積極的進取心、堅持不懈的態度、與其他人良好溝通的技巧、給人信任度以及在商談中營造 舒適氛圍的能力。
3、管理咨詢
管理咨詢分為普通管理咨詢及類似微咨詢、管理課程培訓等的細分管理咨詢業務。管理咨詢本質如同西醫需要調查診斷才能開葯,也如同中醫要望聞問切才能開葯方。
咨詢的行為都是藉助服務提供者的豐富的知識、經驗,在企業提出要求的基礎上深入企業,並且和企業管理人員密切結合,應用科學的方法,找出企業存在的主要問題。
進行定量和確有論據的定性分析,查出存在問題的原因,提出切實可行的改善方案,進而指導實施方案,使企業的運行機製得到改善,提高企業的管理水平和經濟效益。
4、財務顧問
財務顧問是指具備專業財務知識為顧客提供投資理財咨詢策劃服務的專業人員。財務顧問在各個公司跟各個行業的工作職責跟服務內容都有所不同。財務顧問應當勤勉盡責,遵守行業規范和職業道德。
根據有關規定,收購人進行上市公司的收購,應當聘請在中國注冊的具有從事財務顧問業務資格的專業機構擔任財務顧問。
5、金融/保險/投資
工作內容廣泛,報酬差距較大,收入多半與業績掛鉤。要有良好的專業知識、積極的進取心、堅持不懈的態度、與其他人良好溝通的技巧。
㈥ 求一篇與國際貿易相關的英文文章
國際貿易International trade is the exchange of capital, goods and services across international boundaries or territories.[1] In most countries, it represents a significant share of GDP. While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. Instrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system. Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization. International trade is a major source of economic revenue for any nation that is considered a world power. Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services proced within their own borders.
International trade is in principle not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade does not change fundamentally depending on whether trade is across a border or not. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs e to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or a different culture.
Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of proction such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of proction. Then trade in good and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of proction. Instead of importing the factor of proction a country can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of proction and are thus embodying the respective factor. An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from China. Instead of importing Chinese labor the United States is importing goods from China that were proced with Chinese labor.
International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international economics.
Models
Several different models have been proposed to predict patterns of trade and to analyze the effects of trade policies such as tariffs.
[edit] Ricardian model
Main article: Ricardian model
The Ricardian model focuses on comparative advantage and is perhaps the most important concept in international trade theory. In a Ricardian model, countries specialize in procing what they proce best. Unlike other models, the Ricardian framework predicts that countries will fully specialize instead of procing a broad array of goods. Also, the Ricardian model does not directly consider factor endowments, such as the relative amounts of labor and capital within a country.
[edit] Heckscher-Ohlin model
Main article: Heckscher-Ohlin model
The Heckscher-Ohlin model was proced as an alternative to the Ricardian model of basic comparative advantage. Despite its greater complexity it did not prove much more accurate in its predictions. However from a theoretical point of view it did provide an elegant solution by incorporating the neoclassical price mechanism into international trade theory.
The theory argues that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor endowments. It predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of locally abundant factors and will import goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce. Empirical problems with the H-O model, known as the Leontief paradox, were exposed in empirical tests by Wassily Leontief who found that the United States tended to export labor intensive goods despite having a capital abundance.
[edit] Specific factors model
In this model, labour mobility between instries is possible while capital is immobile between instries in the short-run. Thus, this model can be interpreted as a 'short run' version of the Heckscher-Ohlin model. The specific factors name refers to the given that in the short-run specific factors of proction, such as physical capital, are not easily transferable between instries. The theory suggests that if there is an increase in the price of a good, the owners of the factor of proction specific to that good will profit in real terms. Additionally, owners of opposing specific factors of proction (i.e. labour and capital) are likely to have opposing agendas when lobbying for controls over immigration of labour. Conversely, both owners of capital and labour profit in real terms from an increase in the capital endowment. This model is ideal for particular instries. This model is ideal for understanding income distribution but awkward for discussing the pattern of trade!
[edit] New Trade Theory
Main article: New Trade Theory
New Trade theory tries to explain several facts about trade, which the two main models above have difficulty with. These include the fact that most trade is between countries with similar factor endowment and proctivity levels, and the large amount of multinational proction (ie foreign direct investment) which exists. In one example of this framework, the economy exhibits monopolistic competition, and increasing returns to scale.
[edit] Gravity model
Main article: Gravity model of trade
The Gravity model of trade presents a more empirical analysis of trading patterns rather than the more theoretical models discussed above. The gravity model, in its basic form, predicts trade based on the distance between countries and the interaction of the countries' economic sizes. The model mimics the Newtonian law of gravity which also considers distance and physical size between two objects. The model has been proven to be empirically strong through econometric analysis. Other factors such as income level, diplomatic relationships between countries, and trade policies are also included in expanded versions of the model.
[edit] Regulation of international trade
Traditionally trade was regulated through bilateral treaties between two nations. For centuries under the belief in Mercantilism most nations had high tariffs and many restrictions on international trade. In the 19th century, especially in Britain, a belief in free trade became paramount. This belief became the dominant thinking among western nations since then despite the acknowledgement that adoption of the policy coincided with the general decline of Great Britain. In the years since the Second World War, controversial multilateral treaties like the GATT and World Trade Organization have attempted to create a globally regulated trade structure. These trade agreements have often resulted in protest and discontent with claims of unfair trade that is not mutually beneficial.
Free trade is usually most strongly supported by the most economically powerful nations, though they often engage in selective protectionism for those instries which are strategically important such as the protective tariffs applied to agriculture by the United States and Europe. The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were both strong advocates of free trade when they were economically dominant, today the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan are its greatest proponents. However, many other countries (such as India, China and Russia) are increasingly becoming advocates of free trade as they become more economically powerful themselves. As tariff levels fall there is also an increasing willingness to negotiate non tariff measures, including foreign direct investment, procurement and trade facilitation. The latter looks at the transaction cost associated with meeting trade and customs proceres.
Traditionally agricultural interests are usually in favour of free trade while manufacturing sectors often support protectionism. This has changed somewhat in recent years, however. In fact, agricultural lobbies, particularly in the United States, Europe and Japan, are chiefly responsible for particular rules in the major international trade treaties which allow for more protectionist measures in agriculture than for most other goods and services.
During recessions there is often strong domestic pressure to increase tariffs to protect domestic instries. This occurred around the world ring the Great Depression. Many economists have attempted to portray tariffs as the underlining reason behind the collapse in world trade that many believe seriously deepened the depression.
The regulation of international trade is done through the World Trade Organization at the global level, and through several other regional arrangements such as MERCOSUR in South America, NAFTA between the United States, Canada and Mexico, and the European Union between 27 independent states. The 2005 Buenos Aires talks on the planned establishment of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) failed largely e to opposition from the populations of Latin American nations. Similar agreements such as the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment) have also failed in recent years.
[edit] Risks in international trade
The risks that exist in international trade can be divided into two major groups
[edit] Economic risks
Risk of insolvency of the buyer,
Risk of protracted default - the failure of the buyer to pay the amount e within six months after the e date
Risk of non-acceptance
Surrendering economic sovereignty
Risk of Exchange rate
[edit] Political risks
Risk of cancellation or non-renewal of export or import licences
War risks
Risk of expropriation or confiscation of the importer's company
Risk of the imposition of an import ban after the shipment of the goods
Transfer risk - imposition of exchange controls by the importer's country or foreign currency shortages
Surrendering political sovereignty
Influence of political parties in importer's company
㈦ 與國際貿易有關的對聯
國際貿易聯誼通四海
一帶一路物流達三江
互通有無
㈧ 與國際貿易相關的專業有哪些
國際經濟與貿易專業
專業前景 國際經濟與貿易是運用國際經濟學中的貿易理論和分析方法,研究國際貿易發生的原因、國際貿易政策、國際貿易實務以及國際貿易與經濟發展關系的一門學科。隨著全球經濟一體化程度的加快以及中國加入WTO後國內市場與國際市場的進一步接軌,迫切需要一大批具有堅實的國際經濟與貿易理論基礎、熟悉國際貿易實務、熟練掌握外語的高級專門人才。隨著社會對本專業人才需求的不斷增加,國際經濟與貿易專業具有非常廣闊的發展前景。
培養目標 本專業培養堅持四項基本原則,適應社會主義市場經濟發展需要,掌握本學科扎實的基本理論、基本方法和技能,通曉國內外經濟、貿易理論與實務,能在外貿公司、工貿公司、擁有外貿經營權的企業和其他涉外經貿部門工作的高級專門人才。
培養特色 本專業要求學生在全面、系統掌握國際經濟與貿易的一般理論與實務的基礎上,還增加農產品國際貿易及有關專業知識的學習,使學生具有專業特色;在加強學生基本理論與方法教育的同時,強化專業實踐教育,全面提高學生分析問題和解決實際問題的能力,從而使畢業生具有較強的就業競爭能力和較寬的就業適應能力。
主幹課程 政治經濟學、微觀經濟學、宏觀經濟學、國際經濟學、計量經濟學、世界經濟、國際貿易理論與實務、國際金融、國際結算、貨幣銀行、財政學、統計學、會計學等。
所授學位 經濟學學士
就業方向 畢業後可在對外貿易及相關領域的行政管理、教學、科研工作,也可在外貿公司、跨國公司、擁有外貿經營權的企業和其他涉外經貿部門工作。
深造情況 學院設有國際貿易、農業經濟管理、產業經濟學、金融學、數量經濟學、管理科學與工程六個碩士學位授權點和農業經濟管理、管理科學與工程兩個博士學位授權點。每年約有25%左右的學生考取研究生繼續深造。
㈨ 國際結算與國際貿易有什麼聯系
國際結算與國際貿易聯系如下:
國際結算可以促進國際貿易交易,服務國際經濟文化交流,促進國際金融一體化,進而繁榮整個世界經濟;同時還可為本國創收和積累外匯,引進外資,合理使用外匯,輸出資金向外投資,起到鞏固本國貨幣匯率,提供本國對外支付能力的作用。
國際貿易主要是指跨境貿易往來,比如境內企業與歐洲或者香港之間的貿易。國際結算是指跨境的資金償付,比如境內企業出口貨物給非洲,非洲客戶需要將貨款支付給境內企業。這種資金跨境的結算就是國際結算。兩者關系:國際結算主要是由於國際貿易引起的,但也可能是非貿易引發的結算。
(9)與國際貿易有關擴展閱讀:
國際貿易的重要作用
一,國際貿易對國民的作用
增加國民福利、滿足國民不同的需求偏好、國際貿易提高國民生活水平、國際貿易影響國民的文化和價值觀、提供就業崗位。
二,國際貿易對企業的作用
強化品質管理,提高企業效益、在產品品質競爭中立於不敗之地、有利於國際間的經濟合作和技術交流、有利於企業自我改進能力的提高、有效地避免產品責任。
三,國際貿易對單一國家的作用
調節各國市場的供求關系、延續社會再生產、促進生產要素的充分利用、發揮比較優勢,提高生產效率、提高生產技術水平,優化國內產業結構、增加財政收入、加強各國經濟聯系,促進經濟發展 。
四,國際貿易對世界的作用
國際貿易是世界各國參與國際分工,實現社會再生產順利進行的重要手段、國際貿易是世界各國間進行科學技術交流的重要途徑、國際貿易是世界各國進行政治、外交斗爭的重要工具、國際貿易是世界各國對外經濟關系的核心、國際貿易是國際經濟中「傳遞」的重要渠道。
㈩ 與國際貿易相關的專業有哪些
產業經濟學,金融學,國民經濟學,區域經濟學,財政學,勞動經濟學,