Ⅰ 讨论所谓全产业链的内涵、本质、特点与优势,思考纵向一体化战略的含义、特征
经济学上,沿产业链占据若干环节的业务布局叫做纵向一体化。纵向一体化是一个战略性的计划,它是组织核心能力在企业内部扩张的一种形式,与它相同的还有横向一体化战略和加强型战略。
纵向一体化又叫垂直一体化,指企业将生产与原料供应,或者生产与产品销售联合在一起的战略形式,是企业在两个可能的方向上扩展现有经营业务的一种发展战略,是将公司的经营活动向后扩展到原材料供应或向前扩展到销售终端的一种战略体系。包括后向一体化战略和前向一体化战略,也就是将经营领域向深度发展的战略。
前向一体化战略是企业自行对本公司产品做进一步深加工,或者资源进行综合利用,或公司建立自己的销售组织来销售本公司的产品或服务。如钢铁企业自己轧制各种型材,并将型材制成各种不同的最终产品既属于前向一体化。
后向一体化则是企业自己供应生产现有产品或服务所需要的全部或部分原材料或半成品,如钢铁公司自己拥有矿山和炼焦设施;纺织厂自己纺纱、洗纱等。
纵向一体化的目的:是为加强核心企业对原材料供应、产品制造、分销和销售全过程的控制,使企业能在市场竞争中掌握主动,从而达到增加各个业务活动阶段的利润。
Ⅱ 奶业产业链利益联结机制的含义及其现状,在线等
大哥 一样的标准定义可是没有找到啊 只找到中国人大的一篇相关论文啊 是关于 农业产业链利益联结机制的
你的牛奶业也被包含在里面了 可以看看啊
http://sard.ruc.e.cn/page.php?id=1088
2007届硕士毕业论文> 房风文:农业产业链中农户与龙头企业的利益联结机制研究
Author : / Date : 2007-06-27 13:44
摘 要
随着市场经济的发展,农业分工越来越细,专业化水平越来越高,从生产资料供应、农产品生产到农产品加工、销售形成了一个完整的产业链。发达国家的农业产业链发展比较早,商业化运作比较成熟,极大地带动了地区农业的发展,提高了农业的经济收益。我国的农业产业链有了一定的发展,各地形成了多种各具特色的农业产业链,有牛肉产业链、蔬菜产业链、猪肉产业链等,产业链的内容和形式在不断充实和完善中。在农业产业链中,农户与龙头企业之间的利益关系是农业产业链稳定发展的重要内容,研究两者关系具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。
本文对前人的研究进行了文献综述。综述了农业产业链的概念、组织形式、运行机制、农户与龙头企业的利益联结机制等内容,利益联结机制方面重点总结了利益联结方式、影响因素、理论解释等内容。在综述中,对已有的文献进行了简单评述,并指出了本文的研究方向。在总结前人关于农业产业链和利益联结机制研究成果的基础上,本文提出了此次研究的理论依据和和理论框架。理论依据主要是产业组织理论和交易费用理论。在理论框架中,将影响农业产业链中农业与龙头企业的利益联结机制分为两类,即市场交易方式的松散利益联结机制和合同契约交易的紧密利益联结机制,并分析影响两者关系的因素。将多种影响因素归纳为制度环境、交易主客体特性、交易特性三大因素,并进一步细分为各具体的因素。在系统的理论框架中,分别阐述各因素对农户与龙头企业利益联结关系的作用,在此基础上提出理论假说,并绘出框架说明图。
在案例研究部分,结合在广西壮族自治区横县调查的茉莉花产业链和蚕茧产业链,分析了影响利益联结机制的各因素在两个产业链中的具体体现。在案例分析中,首先介绍产业链发展的基本情况及茉莉花和蚕茧两条产业链的基本环节。再从制度环境条件、交易主客体特性和交易特性方面入手,具体分析农业产业链中的各影响因素。制度环境提供了农业产业链发展的外部环境条件,有利于农业产业链的健康发展。交易客体特性是指茉莉花和蚕茧两种农产品的自然属性和产品品质方面的内容。交易主体主要是农户与龙头企业两个主体。农户特性主要从其种植规模、生产资料投资等方面来刻画。龙头企业的特性从其所有制性质、产值、利润、企业人数、资产、负债、企业用房面积、企业负责人、企业部门、设备、科研实力、生产工艺、企业同质性等方面来反映。交易方式特性方面从资产专用性、交易频率和不确定性三个方面来阐述。资产专用性不做单独论述,同论述农户特性与龙头企业特征时一起论述。交易频率反映农户与龙头企业的交易频繁程度。不确定性指市场价格波动和自然风险两方面。在分析不同特性基础上,农户与龙头企业对交易费用和其它利益的权衡,最终选择了茉莉花与蚕茧产业链的不同利益联结方式,市场利益联结方式和合同契约利益联结方式。文中对两种交易方式如何运行的做了较细说明。两种交易方式产生了内生交易费用和外生交易费用,结合案例做了具体分析。内生交易费用是机会主义的对策行为所引起的交易费用,是市场均衡同帕累托最优之间的差额。外生交易费用,是指交易过程中直接或间接发生的那些费用,包括运输中耗去的资源及各种设施等。最后计算了单个农户的收益情况,不同农业产业链的种植规模不同,经济效益也不相同。
文章的最后得出了本文的结论。茉莉花的制度环境具有一般性、茉莉花的产品品质要求低、农户的规模小、茉莉花龙头企业的实力一般、茉莉花交易双方的资产专用性弱、固定交易频率低和不确定性大,这些特性共同决定了茉莉花农户与龙头企业采用市场利益联结的方式。蚕茧的制度环境具有一般性和针对性、蚕茧产品品质高、农户的规模大、蚕茧龙头企业的实力强、蚕茧交易双方的资产专用性强、固定交易频率高和不确定性小,这些特性共同决定蚕茧农户与龙头企业采用合同契约利益联结的方式。两种利益联结方式是各因素共同作用的结果,单一因素并不必然导致该结果。
本文还给出了政策含义。不同的农业产业链有不同的特性,要因地制宜的选择合适的利益联结机制,争取更多政策优惠支持,促进农业产业链的发展。茉莉花龙头企业还要加强兼并与联合,拓宽销售渠道,做好营销宣传。蚕茧龙头企业要进一步完善与蚕农的利益关系,增强企业的带动力,发挥协会的作用。最后提出了本文的研究不足,并指出了进一步研究的可供选择的方向。
关键词: 农户;龙头企业;利益联结机制
Abstract
Following the development of market economic, the agriculture divides into more and more parts, its specialty level becomes more and more high, then forms a completely instrial chain from proction material supplying, agriculture proction making to agriculture proction processing and marketing. The agricultural chain of foreign developing countries developed early and its commerce operation level was high, that promoted region agriculture development and improved the agriculture economic earning. In China agricultural chain has had some development, some regions have had all kinds of special agricultural chain, such as beef chain, vegetable chain, pork chain and so on, and its contents and forms are enriching and perfecting. In the agricultural chain the relationship between peasant household and the agribusiness firm is the important content of the agricultural chain development steadily and the relationship study has important theory and reality meaning.
This paper makes a summary about formers’ studies. Those are summarized, which are the concept of agricultural chain, organization forms, operations mechanism, the profit mechanism between peasant household and agribusiness firm and so on, which mainly summarizes the form of profit link, influence factors and theory explanation. In the summary, we make some simply review, and point out the study direction. Based on that, the paper brings forward theory bases and theory frame. The theory bases include instry organization theory and transition cost theory. In the theory frame we studies the profit mechanism between peasant household and agribusiness firm in agricultural chain, which divides into loose profit relationship of market exchange form and tight profit relationship of contract form, and analyzes the factor influencing their relationship based on summarizing former studies about agricultural chain. And various factors are reced to institute environment, exchange guest and host characteristic and exchange characteristic, and divided more subsection factors. In a systemic theory frame , various factors’ effects influencing on profit relationship between peasant household and agribusiness firm are analyzed, then theory hypothesizes are provided based on that analysis, and a frame graph is described.
Based on theory analysis and investigation of jasmine instrial chain and cocoon instrial chain in Guang Xi Zhuang Autonomous Region, how various factors influence on the profit mechanism are analyzed. Firstly, the basic information about instrial chain and instrial chain of jasmine and cocoon are introced. Then various influence factors are analyzed from the angle of institution environment, exchange host and guest characteristic and exchange characteristic. Institution environment conditions provide good environment conditions and it is in favor of agricultural chain healthy development. Exchange guest characteristic is the natural attribute and proction quality of jasmine and cocoon. Exchange host mainly includes the peasant household and the agribusiness firm. The peasant household’s characteristic comes from its size, input of proction material and so on. Agribusiness firm’s characteristic comes from its possession property, proction value, profit, number of corporation worker, asset, owes, square of corporation house, corporation chief, corporation department, equipment, scientific research, proction techniques, corporation homogeneity and so on. Exchange characteristic comes from asset specialty, exchange frequency and uncertainty. Asset specialty isn’t discussed singly, but is discussed with peasant household characteristic and agribusiness characteristic. Exchange frequency reflects the degree of exchange frequency. Uncertainty is discussed from market price fluctuate and natural risk. Based on the different characteristic analyzes, the peasant household and agribusiness firm balance the transaction cost and other profit, finally choose the different profit mechanisms of jasmine instrial chain and cocoon instrial chain, which are market profit mechanism and contract profit mechanism. The content of how the two exchange mechanisms operate is discussed. The two exchange mechanisms ince to endogenous transaction cost and exogenous transaction cost, and they are concretely analyzed with the cases. Endogenous transaction cost is the transaction cost, which comes from the opportunistic countermeasure action, and equals the balance between market equilibrium and Pareto Optimality. Exogenous transaction cost is the transaction cost, which occurs directly and in directly in the exchange and it includes the resource in the transaction and various establishments. Finally the earning of single peasant household is calculated, the plant sizes are different in different agribusiness chain, and economic benefit is different.
The end of the paper makes a conclusion. The institution environment of jasmine is general, quality demand of jasmine is low, size of peasant household is small, jasmine agribusiness firm’s power is general, asset specific of the two exchange host is soft, fix frequency is low and uncertainty is big, that all determined the market profit mechanism of between jasmine peasant household and agribusiness firm. The institution environment of cocoon is general and special, quality of cocoon is high, size of peasant household is huge, cocoon agribusiness firm’s power is strong, asset specific of the two exchange host is strong, fix frequency is high and uncertainty is small, that all determined the contract profit mechanism of between cocoon peasant household and agribusiness firm. The two kinds of mechanisms are results of all kinds factors, which operate together, and single factor can’t ince to the result necessarily.
Also paper provides some policy meanings. The different agribusiness chain has different characteristic, so the profit mechanisms are chose separately according to concrete conditions and strives for more preference policy supports. Jasmine agribusiness firm should annex and cooperate intensely, enrich sales channels, do better market advertising. And cocoon agribusiness firm should further perfect the relationship with cocoon peasant household, enforce firm’s drive, and exert the action of association. Finally, the deficiencies of this paper are pointed out, and we indicate the possible research directions for further study.
Key Words: peasant household; agribusiness firm; profit mechanism
Ⅲ 产业链和供应链两个概念有区别吗他们的相同点和不同点是什么还有他们的概念
供应链是管理学概念,产业链是经济学概念。
供应链是从供应角度考察上下游企业之间的关系,产业链则是对不同产业而言的。
产业链是客观存在的,而供应链不构成供应关系就不存在。
产业链是供应链的一个物质基础,供应链是针对某一产业链而言的。
产业是通过企业和企业的产品来表现的,即产业链有企业和产品两个节点,而供应链只有企业一个节点。
产业链和供应链都是企业运动的必然结果,二者统一于企业运动之中,它们的关系并不是并列交叉关系,更非种属关系,而是内容与形式的哲学关系。产业链更注重宏观、战略、定性等方面的研究和应用,而供应链则更注重围观操作、运行管理、定量等方面的研究和应用。
产业链是同一个产业或不同产业的企业,以产品为对象,以投入产出为纽带,以价值增值为导向,以满足用户需求为目标,依据特定的逻辑联系和时空布局形成的上下关联的、动态的链式中间组织。包含有以下几层基本含义:1产业链是以投入产出为纽带,上一企业生产的产品一定是下一企业的投入,直到完成整个产品的生产为止。2产业链是以价值增值为导向,产业链中的企业从上游到中游再到下游是一个不断增值的过程,知道用户买走产品,实现了产业链的价值为止。3产业链是以满足用户需求为目标。产业链从原材料供应知道生产出用户需求的产品,整个过程都是按用户需求来组织生产的,如果生产处的产品用户不需要,则产业链的价值就无法实现。4产业链起始于初始资源终于消费市场。5从不同角度考察,产业链有不同的表现形式。从价值创造的角度看,产业链是指在同一产业内所有具有的连续追加价值关系的活动所构成的价值链关系;从产品结构的角度看,产业链是指以某项核心技术或工艺为基础,以市场前景较好科技含量较高产品关联度较强的优势企业和优势产品为链核,以产品技术为联系,以投入产出为纽带,上下联结向下延伸前后密切联系而形成的产品链;从产业间结构链的角度看,产业链是指组成产业结构的第一、第二、第三产业的细分部门之间的前后向产业联系。6从总体上考察,这些价值链、产品链、结构链是内含子产业链中的一个子链,即产业链是一个内涵有不同子链的复合链。
供应链是生产及流通过程中,涉及将产品或服务提供给最终用户活动的上游下游企业所形成的网链结构。
产业链的供应链是指围绕核心企业,通过信息流、实物流和资金流的控制,从采购原材料开始,制成中间产品及最终产品,最后由销售网络把产品送到消费者手中的将供应商制造商分销商直至最终用户练成一个整体的功能网链结构模式。
刘贵富 产业链与供应链、产业集群的区别与联系
Ⅳ 如何理解产业链与价值链求答案
产业链产业链即从一种或几种资源通过若干产业层次不断向下游产业转移直至到达消费者的路径,它包含四层含义:
一是产业链是产业层次的表达。
二是产业链是产业关联程度的表达。产业关联性越强,链条越紧密,资源的配置效率也越高。
三是产业链是资源加工深度的表达。产业链越长,表明加工可以达到的深度越深。
四是产业链是满足需求程度的表达。产业链始于自然资源、止于消费市场,但起点和终点并非固定不变。
价值链波特认为,每一个企业都是在设计、生产、销售、发送和辅助其产品的过程中进行种种活动的集合体。所有这些活动可以用一个价值链来表明。
企业的价值创造是通过一系列活动构成的,这些活动可分为基本活动和辅助活动两类,基本活动包括内部后勤、生产作业、外部后勤、市场和销售、服务等;而辅助活动则包括采购、技术开发、人力资源管理和企业基础设施等。这些互不相同但又相互关联的生产经营活动,构成了一个创造价值的动态过程,即价值链。
价值链在经济活动中是无处不在的,上下游关联的企业与企业之间存在行业价值链,企业内部各业务单元的联系构成了企业的价值链,企业内部各业务单元之间也存在着价值链联结。价值链上的每一项价值活动都会对企业最终能够实现多大的价值造成影响。
波特的价值链理论揭示,企业与企业的竞争,不只是某个环节的竞争,而是整个价值链的竞争,而整个价值链的综合竞争力决定企业的竞争力。用波特的话来说:消费者心目中的价值由一连串企业内部物质与技术上的具体活动与利润所构成,当你和其他企业竞争时,其实是内部多项活动在进行竞争,而不是某一项活动的竞争。