① 急需一篇商業銀行信貸風險問題的中英文文章
作為銀行的一項主要資產業務，貸款資產的運動是一種以「兩權分離、按期償還」為本質特徵的特殊價值運動。在現實經濟活動中，銀行的信貸活動，會受事先無法預料的不確定性因素影響，例如使銀行貸款資金有可能遭受損失事件發生。主要表現為貸款到期不能按時收回和貸款的貶值等，這樣就產生了貸款風險。從目前國有商業銀行貸款資產質量的現狀看，形勢較為嚴峻。
國有商業銀行信貸風險分析
政府行政干預帶來的風險。按照經濟發展的客觀要求，國有銀行是資金配置的主體，政府職能只限於宏觀調控。然而在現實中，作為國有商業銀行，雖然在人事、行政、業務上不受政府直接管控，但並不等於不受政府影響。作為資金配置的主體，政府並未從實際運作的干預中退出，中心地位並未淡化，往往造成部份項目投資效益不高，形成貸款沉澱。
社會保障機制滯後帶來的風險。由於企業破產失業救濟制度不完善，國有銀行貸款風險無法直接分散和轉移。企業與社會的問題沒有解決，企業把生產所需資金缺口留給銀行貸款解決，形成貸款風險壓力；企業保險制度不健全，使銀行無法保全貸款資產的安全性，增加了損失的概率。
法制不健全帶來的風險。盡管我國陸續出台了銀行法、票據法等許多法律，但是這些法律大多內容比較簡單，有些內容有待於重新修訂，並且有些法律與國家的某些政策相悖，銀行在保全債權方面將會遇到較大的阻力，加大了銀行的信貸經營風險。
缺乏科學經營管理帶來的風險。國有商業銀行缺乏科學規范的經營管理方式主要表現在：在經營上把效益性放在首位，而忽視安全隱患；沒有建立起完善的責權對等的管理機制，一旦貸款出現問題，很難分清責任，更談不上追究責任。
借款人(企業)還貸意願不確定帶來的風險。借款人(企業)還貸意願與其(法定代表)的信用相關，還貸能力強的借款人(企業)還貸意願不一定強；還貸能力弱的借款人(企業)還貸意願不一定差。並且，信用度很難進行比較准確的考查、判斷。所以，借款人還貸意願存在很大的不確定性，這種不確定性必然帶來一定的風險。
國有商業銀行信貸風險的控制對策
為有效防止和化解國有商業銀行信貸風險，避免由此帶來的金融震盪和經濟風險，通過上述對我國商業銀行目前面臨的信貸風險原因的分析，我們可以從如下幾個方面著手治理商業銀行的信貸風險。
進一步加強政府監督職能。政企不分一直嚴重困擾我國企業改革和發展。我國信用的深層次問題很大程度上表現為政府行為和地方保護主義。由於政府尚未完成由市場的參與者向市場的管理者的轉變，為了政績需要而急功近利，期望短期內地方經濟有較大起色，過分干預銀行貸款，削弱了市場功能作用和市場法則權威。因此，必須重新界定政府職能、規范政府行為。政府職能是彌補市場缺陷、維護社會公平，著力為企業經營提供必要的經濟環境，同時支持並配合銀行防範和制止企業逃廢債務，確保金融資產的安全運行。
建立健全社會保障體系。形成全社會信用是提高銀行資產質量的重要保證。惡意逃避銀行債務、惡意欠款的單位必須受經濟和法律制裁。作為政府部門，央行應對企業改制中兼並、重組、破產等跟蹤監督，協助金融機構依法維護金融債權；應健全企業信息披露制度，解決銀、企信息不對稱問題：嚴格規范企業會計信息和信息處理標准化，並提高信息公開程度，以降低銀行系統風險。
② 幫忙找一下相關主題的英語文章 商業銀行個人金融業務方面
Since 70's in 20 centuries, the global commercial bank is under the impact of financial creative wave tide and personal finance mangaing business acquired a fast development.See from flourishing development trend of personal finance mangaing business of the national bank, personal finance mangaing business has a batch quantity big, the risk be low, business scope wide, management income stability etc. advantage, occupy to emphasize to want position in the commercial bank the development.Currently, personal finance mangaing business of our country commercial bank is still placed in a newly arisen stage and the market foreground is very vast.Huge business opportunities and potential that personal financial service market contain make each local commercial bank more and more value to expand personal financial service market and capture.In the meantime, in regard to foundation condition, the local commercial bank strongly develops personal financial business has already had very important realistic meaning as well.
20世紀70年代以來，全球商業銀行在金融創新浪潮的沖擊下，個人理財業務獲得了快速發展。從發達國家銀行個人理財業務發展趨勢來看，個人理財業務具有批量大、風險低、業務范圍廣、經營收益穩定等優勢，在商業銀行發展中占據著重要位置。目前，我國商業銀行的個人理財業務還處於新興階段，市場前景十分廣闊。個人金融服務市場蘊涵的巨大商機和潛力，使得國內各家商業銀行越來越重視對個人金融服務市場的開拓和佔領。同時，就基礎條件來看，國內商業銀行大力發展個人金融業務也已經具有了十分重要的現實意義
③ 關於商業銀行信用風險管理的英文文章 兩篇
Interim Measures on Information Disclosure of Commercial Banks
Order No.6 of the People's Bank of China
May 15, 2002
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1 These rules are formulated on the basis of "Law on the People's bank of China of the People's Republic of China" and "Commercial Banking Law of the People's Bank of China", which aim to strengthen market discipline of commercial banks, standardize information disclosure of commercial banks, effectively safeguard legitimate interests of depositors and other stakeholders and promote safe, sound and efficient operation of commercial banks.
Article 2 These rules are to be applied to commercial banks that are established legally within the territory of the People's Republic of China, including domestic commercial banks, wholly foreign funded banks, joint venture banks and branches of foreign banks.
Article 3 Commercial banks should disclose information according to these rules, which are the minimum requirements for commercial banks' information disclosure. While abiding by these rules, commercial banks can disclose more information than what has been required by these rules at their own discretion.
In addition to these rules, listed commercial banks should also conform to relevant information disclosure rules published by regulatory body of the securities instry.
Article 4 Information disclosure of commercial banks should be proceeded consistent with laws and regulations, the uniform domestic accounting rules and relevant rules of the PBC.
Article 5 Commercial banks should disclose information in a standardized fashion, while ensuring authenticity, accuracy, integrity and comparability.
Article 6 Annual financial statements disclosed by commercial banks should be subject to auditing by accounting firms that are certified to be engaged in finance-related auditing.
Article 7 The People's Bank of China is to supervise commercial banks' information disclosure according to relevant laws and regulations.
Chapter II Information to be Disclosed
Article 8 Commercial banks should disclose financial statements, and information on risk management, corporate governance and big events of the year according to these rules.
Article 9 Commercial banks' financial statements should include accounting report, annex and notes to this report and description of financial position.
Article 10 Accounting report disclosed by commercial banks should include balance sheet, statement of income (profit and loss account), statement of owner's equity and other additional charts.
Article 11 Commercial banks should indicate inconsistence between the basis of preparation and the basic preconditions of accounting in their notes to the accounting report.
Article 12 Commercial banks should explain in their notes to the accounting report the important policy of accounting and accounting estimates, including: Accounting standards, accounting year, reporting currency, accounting basis and valuation principles; Type and scope of loans; Accounting rules for investment; Scope and method of provisions against asset losses; Principle and method of income recognition; Valuation method for financial derivatives; Conversion method for foreign currency business and accounting report; Preparation method for consolidated accounting report; Valuation and depreciation method for fixed assets; Valuation method and amortization policy for intangible assets; Amortization policy for long-term deferred expenses; Accounting practice for income tax.
Article 13 Commercial banks should indicate in their notes to the accounting report crucial changes of accounting policy and estimates, contingent items and post-balance sheet items, transfer and sale of important assets.
Article 14 Commercial banks should indicate in their annex and notes to the accounting report the total volume of related party transactions and major related party transactions. Major related party transactions refer to those with trading volume exceeding 30 million yuan or 1% of total net assets of the commercial bank.
Article 15 Commercial banks should indicate in their notes to the accounting report detailed breakdown of key categories in the accounting report, including:
(1) Due from banks by the breakdown of domestic and overseas markets.
(2) Interbank lending by the breakdown of domestic and overseas markets.
(3) Outstanding balance of loans at the beginning and the end of the accounting year by the breakdown of credibility loans, committed loans, collateralized loans and pledged loans.
(4) Non-performing loans at the beginning and end of the accounting year resulted from the risk-based loan classification.
(5) Provisions for loan losses at the beginning and the end of the accounting year, new provisions, returned provisions and write-offs in the accounting year. General provisions, specific provisions and special provisions should be disclosed separately.
(6) Outstanding balance and changes of interest receivables.
(7) Investment at the beginning and the end of the accounting year by instruments.
(8) Interbank borrowing in domestic and overseas markets.
(9) Calculation, outstanding balance and changes of interest payables.
(10) Year-end outstanding balance and other details of off-balance sheet categories, including bank acceptance bills, external guarantees, letters of guarantee for financing purposes, letters of guarantee for non-financing purposes, loan commitments, letters of credit (spot), letters of credit (forward), financial futures, financial options, etc.
(11) Other key categories.
Article 16 Commercial banks should disclose in their notes to the accounting report status of capital adequacy, including total value of risk assets, amount and structure of net capital, core capital adequacy ratio and capital adequacy ratio.
Article 17 Commercial banks should disclose auditing report provided by the appointed accounting firms.
Article 18 Description of financial position should cover the general performance of the bank, generation and distribution of profit and other events that have substantial impact on financial position and performance of the bank.
Article 19 Commercial banks should disclose following risks and risk management details:
(1) Credit risk. Commercial banks should disclose status of credit risk management, credit exposure, credit quality and earnings, including business operations that generate credit risks, policy of credit risk management and control, organizational structure and division of labor in credit risk management, procere and methods of classification of asset risks, distribution and concentration of credit risks, maturity analysis of over-e loans, restructuring of loans and return of assets.
(2) Liquidity risk. Commercial banks should disclose relevant parameters that can represent their status of liquidity, analyze factors affecting liquidity and indicate their strategy of liquidity management.
(3) Market risk. Commercial banks should disclose risks brought by changes of interest rates and exchange rate on the market, analyzing impacts of such changes on profitability and financial positions of the bank and indicating their strategy of market risk management.
(4) Operation risk. Commercial banks should disclose risks brought by flaws and mistakes of internal proceres, staff and system or by external shocks and indicate the integrity, rationality and effectiveness of their internal control mechanism.
(5) Other risks. Other risks that may bring severe negative impact to the bank.
Article 20 Commercial banks should disclose following information on corporate governance:
(1) Shareholders' meeting ring the year.
(2) Members of the board of directors and its work performance.
(3) Members of the board of supervisors and its work performance.
(4) Members of the senior management and their profiles.
(5) Layout of branches and function departments.
Article 21 Chronicle of events disclosed by commercial banks in the year should at least include the following contents:
(1) Names of the ten biggest shareholders and changes ring the year.
(2) Increase or decrease of registered capital, splitting up and merger.
(3) Other important information that is necessary for the general public to know.
Article 22 Information of foreign bank branches is to be collected and disclosed by the primary reporting branch.
Foreign bank branches don't need to disclose information that is only mandated and required for disclosure by institutions with legal person status.
Foreign bank branches should translate into Chinese and disclose the summary of information disclosed by their head offices.
Article 23 Commercial banks need not disclose information of unimportant categories. However, if the omission or misreporting of certain categories or information may change or affect the assessment or judge of the information users, commercial banks should regarded the categories as key information categories and disclose them.
Chapter III Management of Information Disclosure
Article 24 Commercial banks should prepare in Chinese their annual reports with all the information to be disclosed and publish them within 4 month after the end of each accounting year. If they are not able to disclose such information on time e to special factors, they should apply to the People's Bank of China for delay of disclosure at least 15 days in advance.
Article 25 Commercial banks should submit their annual reports to the People's Bank of China prior to disclosure.
Article 26 Commercial banks should make sure that their shareholders and stakeholders could obtain the annual reports on a timely basis.
Commercial banks should put their annual reports in their major operation venue, so as to ensure such reports are readily available for the general public to read and check. The PBC encourage commercial banks to disclose main contents of their annual reports to the public through media.
Article 27 Boards of directors in commercial banks are responsible for the information disclosure. If there is no board of directors in the bank, the president (head) of the bank should assume such a responsibility.
Boards of directors and presidents (heads) of commercial banks should ensure the authenticity, accuracy and integrity of the disclosed information and take legal responsibility for their commitments.
Article 28 Commercial banks and their involved staff that provide financial statements with false information or concealing important facts should be punished according to the " Rules on Punishment of Financial Irregularities".
Accounting firms and involved staff that provide false auditing report should be punished according to the "Interim Measures on Finance-related Auditing Business by Accounting Firms".
Chapter IV Supplementary Provisions
Article 29 Commercial banks with total assets below RMB 1 billion or with total deposits below RMB 500 million are exempted from the compulsory information disclosure. However, the People's Bank of China encourages such commercial banks to disclose information according to these rules.
Article 30 The People's Bank of China is responsible for the interpretation of these rules.
Article 31 These rules shall enter into force as of the date of promulgation and are to be applied to all commercial banks except city commercial banks.
City commercial banks should adopt these rules graally from January 1, 2003 to January 1, 2006.
中國人民銀行令[2002]第6號
2002年5月15日
第一章 總 則
第一條 為加強商業銀行的市場約束，規范商業銀行的信息披露行為，有效維護存款人和相關利益人的合法權益，促進商業銀行安全、穩健、高效運行，依據《中華人民共和國中國人民銀行法》、《中華人民共和國商業銀行法》等法律法規，制定本辦法。
第二條 本辦法適用於在中華人民共和國境內依法設立的商業銀行，包括中資商業銀行、外資獨資銀行、中外合資銀行、外國銀行分行。
第三條 商業銀行應按照本辦法規定披露信息。本辦法規定為商業銀行信息披露的最低要求。商業銀行可在遵守本辦法規定基礎上自行決定披露更多信息。
上市商業銀行除應遵守本辦法規定披露信息外，還應遵守證券監督管理機關有關信息披露的規定。
第四條 商業銀行披露信息應當遵守法律法規、國家統一的會計制度和中國人民銀行的有關規定。
第五條 商業銀行應遵循真實性、准確性、完整性和可比性的原則，規范地披露信息。
第六條 商業銀行披露的年度財務會計報告須經獲准從事金融相關審計業務的會計師事務所審計。
第七條 中國人民銀行根據有關法律法規對商業銀行的信息披露進行監督。
第二章 信息披露的內容
第八條 商業銀行應按照本辦法規定披露財務會計報告、各類風險管理狀況、公司治理、年度重大事項等信息。
第九條 商業銀行財務會計報告由會計報表、會計報表附註和財務情況說明書組成。
第十條 商業銀行披露的會計報表應包括資產負債表、利潤表（損益表）、所有者權益變動表及其他有關附表。
第十一條 商業銀行應在會計報表附註中說明會計報表編制基礎不符合會計核算基本前提的情況。
第十二條 商業銀行應在會計報表附註中說明本行的重要會計政策和會計估計，包括：會計報表編制所依據的會計准則、會計年度、記賬本位幣、記賬基礎和計價原則；貸款的種類和范圍；投資核算方法；計提各項資產減值准備的范圍和方法；收入確認原則和方法；衍生金融工具的計價方法；外幣業務和報表折算方法；合並會計報表的編制方法；固定資產計價和折舊方法；無形資產計價及攤銷政策；長期待攤費用的攤銷政策；所得稅的會計處理方法等。
第十三條 商業銀行應在會計報表附註中說明重要會計政策和會計估計的變更；或有事項和資產負債表日後事項；重要資產轉讓及其出售。
第十四條 商業銀行應在會計報表附註中披露關聯方交易的總量及重大關聯方交易的情況。
重大關聯方交易是指交易金額在3000萬元以上或占商業銀行凈資產總額1%以上的關聯方交易。
第十五條 商業銀行應在會計報表附註中說明會計報表中重要項目的明細資料，包括：
（一） 按存放境內、境外同業披露存放同業款項；
（二） 按拆放境內、境外同業披露拆放同業款項;
（三） 按信用貸款、保證貸款、抵押貸款、質押貸款分別披露貸款的期初數、期末數；
（四） 按貸款風險分類的結果披露不良貸款的期初數、期末數；
（五） 貸款損失准備的期初數、本期計提數、本期轉回數、本期核銷數、期末數；一般准備、專項准備和特種准備應分別披露；
（六） 應收利息余額及變動情況；
（七） 按種類披露投資的期初數、期末數；
（八） 按境內、境外同業披露同業拆入款項；
（九） 應付利息計提方法、余額及變動情況；
（十） 銀行承兌匯票、對外擔保、融資保函、非融資保函、貸款承諾、開出即期信用證、開出遠期信用證、金融期貨、金融期權等表外項目，包括上述項目的年末余額及其他具體情況；
（十一） 其他重要項目。
第十六條 商業銀行應在會計報表附註中披露資本充足狀況，包括風險資產總額、資本凈額的數量和結構、核心資本充足率、資本充足率。
第十七條 商業銀行應披露會計師事務所出具的審計報告。
第十八條 財務情況說明書應當對本行經營的基本情況、利潤實現和分配情況以及對本行財務狀況、經營成果有重大影響的其他事項進行說明。
第十九條 商業銀行應披露下列各類風險和風險管理情況：
（一） 信用風險狀況。商業銀行應披露信用風險管理、信用風險暴露、信貸質量和收益的情況，包括產生信用風險的業務活動、信用風險管理和控制政策、信用風險管理的組織結構和職責劃分、資產風險分類的程序和方法、信用風險分布情況、信用風險集中程度、逾期貸款的賬齡分析、貸款重組、資產收益率等情況。
（二） 流動性風險狀況。商業銀行應披露能反映其流動性狀況的有關指標，分析影響流動性的因素，說明本行流動性管理策略。
（三） 市場風險狀況。商業銀行應披露因市場匯率、利率變動而產生的風險，分析匯率、利率的變化對銀行盈利能力和財務狀況的影響，說明本行的市場風險管理策略。
（四） 操作風險狀況。商業銀行應披露由於內部程序、人員、系統的不完善或失誤，或外部事件造成的風險，並對本行內部控制制度的完整性、合理性和有效性作出說明。
（五） 其他風險狀況。其他可能對本行造成嚴重不利影響的風險因素。
第二十條 商業銀行應披露下列公司治理信息：
（一） 年度內召開股東大會情況；
（二） 董事會的構成及其工作情況；
（三） 監事會的構成及其工作情況；
（四） 高級管理層成員構成及其基本情況；
（五） 銀行部門與分支機構設置情況。
第二十一條 商業銀行披露的本行年度重要事項，至少應包括下列內容：
（一） 最大十名股東名稱及報告期內變動情況；
（二） 增加或減少注冊資本、分立合並事項；
（三） 其他有必要讓公眾了解的重要信息。
第二十二條 外國銀行分行的信息由主報告行匯總後披露。
外國銀行分行無須披露本辦法規定的僅適用於法人機構的信息。
外國銀行分行應將其總行所披露信息摘要譯成中文後披露。
第二十三條 商業銀行無須披露非關鍵性項目。但若遺漏或誤報某個項目或信息會改變或影響信息使用者的評估或判斷時，商業銀行應將該項目視為關鍵性項目予以披露。
第三章 信息披露的管理
第二十四條 商業銀行應將信息披露的內容以中文編製成年度報告，於每個會計年度終了後的四個月內披露。因特殊原因不能按時披露的，應至少提前十五日向中國人民銀行申請延遲。
第二十五條 商業銀行應將年度報告在公布前報送中國人民銀行。
第二十六條 商業銀行應確保股東及相關利益人能及時獲取年度報告。
商業銀行應將年度報告置放在商業銀行的主要營業場所，確保公眾能方便、及時地查閱。中國人民銀行鼓勵商業銀行通過媒體向公眾披露年度報告的主要信息。
第二十七條 商業銀行董事會負責本行的信息披露。未設立董事會的，由行長（單位主要負責人）負責。
商業銀行的董事會、行長（單位主要負責人）應當保證所披露的信息真實、准確、完整，並就其保證承擔相應的法律責任。
第二十八條 對在信息披露中提供虛假的或者隱瞞重要事實的財務會計報告的商業銀行及有關責任人員，按照《金融違法行為處罰辦法》予以處理。
對出具虛假審計報告的會計師事務所及有關責任人員，按照《會計師事務所從事金融相關審計業務暫行辦法》予以處理。
第四章 附 則
第二十九條 資產總額低於10億元人民幣或存款余額低於5億元人民幣的商業銀行，可免於披露信息。中國人民銀行鼓勵此類商業銀行按照本辦法規定披露信息。
第三十條 本辦法由中國人民銀行負責解釋。
第三十一條 本辦法自公布之日起在除城市商業銀行以外的商業銀行范圍內施行。
城市商業銀行自2003年1月1日起到2006年1月1日分步施行本辦法。
只有一篇
④ 急求一篇與商業銀行中間業務有關的英文文章，3000字左右！急，感激不盡
Intermediate business of commercial banks and the development of intermediate business of commercial banks in China with a comprehensive international comparison
The middle of a commercial banking business development activities because of
1.1 an inevitable choice for commercial banks
Intermediate business of commercial banks and the rapid development of the emergence of the underlying reasons are not only driven, but also the result of external factors. First of all, the international community to enter the countries have relaxed controls, the liberalization of banking and international trends, including greatly to the middle of the business, including the pace of financial innovation; Second, market competition has also promoted the development of intermediary business, traditional business of commercial banks not only faced competition in the same instry, and along with the development of capital market countries, greatly increased the proportion of direct financing, the traditional commercial banks assets, liabilities, business increasingly showing a "sunset instry" the decline, therefore, commercial banks were forced to carry out new business innovation to create a new source of profits; again, the middle of business innovation is the result of market demand, e to frequent fluctuations in interest rates and exchange rates, enterprises and commercial banks in which the uncertainty of economic environment, increasing the risk of which the effective management tools, in particular, a number of financial derivatives had a demand for the development of the banking intermediary business that is risk management in order to satisfy customers, as well as other diversified financial services; Finally, the banks have their own advantages, as well as 20 practical information technology since the 80's the development and extensive use of commercial banks for the development of intermediary business possible. February 1987 at Northwestern University in the United States held a deposit-taking institutions on asset securitization and the risk of development of intermediary business seminar, a scholar on the development of commercial banks in the middle of a large number of business reasons for concluding, that is, commercial banks the development of intermediary business and technology, control, interest rate risk, customer competition, factors such as capital adequacy ratio are closely related.
1.2 The significance of the development of intermediary business
(A) can be extended into a commercial bank intermediary function, to expand their business scale.
(B) commercial banks can spread business risks, and enhance the bank's ability to resist risks.
(C) can play a variety of business, "bundling" effect to enhance the competitiveness of the banks. Intermediate business of commercial banks between other business interaction and mutual influence, and the development of intermediary business for the banks not only bring direct profits, but also with other business, the second interaction of the market to enhance the competitiveness of banks.
Second, commercial banks in the development of intermediary business
2.1 The broader business scope, a wide variety.
Western countries of the middle-run commercial banks and a wide variety of procts to meet the diverse needs of customers, the commercial banks for the new business innovation. The scope of business covered by the middle of the traditional banking, trust services, investment banking, mutual funds and insurance business. They can engage in money market operations, but also can engage in discounting commercial paper and capital markets business.
Graally expand the business scale of 2.2, rising income levels.
From 1993 to 1996 among the U.S. banking business grew from 912 billion U.S. dollars to 12.188 trillion U.S. dollars, accounting for bank assets from 78% to 142.9%, of which the seven largest banks in the middle of the business lending per cent more than doubled and more. Living in the forefront of the U.S. banking instry, Citigroup, the Americas, such as the middle of the five major banking groups involved in the operational activities of the total assets of more than 2.2 trillion U.S. dollars has the same period, assets and liabilities that banks under the total assets of 780 billion U.S. dollars for the capital sum for the 45 billion U.S. dollars; intermediary business 3 years the average growth rate to 54.2%, much higher than the 9 percent average annual total assets and total capital at an average annual growth rate of 21.6 percent. ①
2.3 Middle-income structure of the business change.
Western commercial banks from 1980 to 1990 of 10 years, the total income of non-spread revenue rapid upward trend in both. The middle of foreign banks operating income generally accounts for 40% of total revenue -50%. Acceptance in the United States, Citibank, credit investigation, credit rating companies, assets evaluation business, personal financial advisor business, long-term foreign exchange trading, foreign exchange futures, foreign exchange options, and other intermediary business represented 80 percent brought their profits deposit and lending business profits accounted for only 20% of the total profits. ②
2.4 Service means of advanced and high technology.
Improvement in the level of science and technology for the development of intermediate business of commercial banks to provide a strong foundation for technical support and innovation, especially in recent years can be at any time and any place in any way to provide customers with personalized service network of banks, the emergence of Internet banking promoted the development of intermediary business. With the international advanced banking payment system on its strong business in the middle was a huge amount of service fee revenue.
Third, commercial banks Analysis of intermediate procts
3.1 Clearing-type intermediate procts
Clearing procts are usually divided into promissory notes, bills of exchange, the three types of checks. Settlement of funds between the time of the settlement act, for the customers, the main demand is to use the banking clearing system, security and timely transfer of funds. Settlement is therefore a means of clearing operations to ensure the successful completion of an important link. On the characteristics of the clearing business, its risk may come from three aspects: customer risk factors, risk factors of post and telecommunications sector and banking risk factors. For the banks, the first two banks of external risks, which is the bank's internal risk. ③
3.2 security type of intermediate procts
With the development of international trade, the Western commercial banks faster development of the security business, including standby letters of credit, guarantee the payment, performance bond, bid security, supervision, such as payment by the common varieties. Chinese and foreign commercial banks, the security business is proction of the intermediate business with commercial banks to carry out security operations is the use of banks to provide credit support, that one has to bear because of the risks associated with credit support.
Intermediate goods 3.3 Management
Mainly divided into the banking business, safe operations, Personal Financial Services. Since the last century is the era, as the world's financial system, instry structure, organizational structure, operational modalities and competition is undergoing a profound transformation. The changes in the traditional banking, securities, insurance, trust business increasingly blurred boundaries between the business, while seeking to promote and strengthen the commercial banking and financial activities of globalization and virtual organizations, the banks of the insurance instry to flourish here development. With the development of the world economy, personal financial services showing a huge space for development. And personal financial services customers of commercial banks is the core personal financial services in the commercial banks to the "financial services supermarket" the process of development, personal financial services of commercial banks at home and abroad has become the focal point of retail business one.
3.4 Advisory type of intermediate procts
Intermediary business consulting category refers to the transfer, sale information and provide intelligence services to the main contents of the intermediary business. Commercial banks on their own information, talent, credibility and other areas, the collection and presentation of information and information of these customers, as well as banks and financial analysis of campaign records to form a system of information and programs made available to customers, one to meet their management or business development needs. Include: credit, corporate credit rating, assets evaluation business and financial information; business and personal financial advisor business; business consultant business investment and financing, including financing and the international syndicated loan arrangement.
3.5 bank cards, online banking intermediate procts
Bank credit card is the issue of commercial banks to the community with consumer credit, debit settlement, access to cash in whole or in part, such as a credit payment function. Its fast development, many countries have become an important business, many banks and the major source of profit for variety. Internet banking is a banking service to provide customers with new tools, which the existing banking business, based on the use of Internet technology to provide customers with comprehensive, consent, security, real-time financial services. Internet banking is not only a banking innovation is the organizational structure of a bank穿心At the same time, the emergence of Internet banking so that the expansion of commercial banks to find new channels for the middle of the business.
Fourth, the middle of the latest developments in the direction of business
Securitization of credit assets 4.1
Securitization of credit assets refers to a group of poor liquidity through a portfolio of assets, so that this group of assets to generate stable and predictable cash flow proceeds through the intermediary of certain credit enhancement, the proceeds of these assets the right to change as flows in the financial markets, higher credit rating of bond-type securities. In essence, will be financing the securitization of future cash proceeds of the assets and the corresponding right to transfer the risk to investors, and the transfer of ownership of the assets may not be entirely. ④
4.2 fund business
A long time, China's commercial banks to develop intermediary business not as a main instry and the new profit growth point to run, but also our country's strict separation of management and other factors, so that the development of the banking sector has been greater restrictions. A direct consequence of these restrictions is that domestic commercial banks and weak financial innovation. Have been carried out in the middle of the retail business of the development of varieties, not to profit maximization as the goal, but as absorbing as a means of customer deposits, which resulted in business receipts in the middle of the contribution rate for banks with low profit situation. Commercial banks in China's current total income, the proportion of all interest income more than 90%. This revenue structure is to enable the assets of China's commercial banks profitability in the last century since the 90's has been in a continuous downward trend in one of the main reasons. Studies have shown that commercial banks in the U.S. the average asset profit rate of China's four state-owned commercial banks average of 12.86 times. This shows that the middle of my business cards, many types of projects though, but their purpose and profit with the situation in Western developed countries, significant differences between the modern commercial banking business and a lot of content has yet to enter our field of vision. ⑥
8, China's commercial banks lag in the middle of the reasons for business development
8.1 on the traditional state-owned commercial businesses, as well as the long-term monopoly control of the central bank's interest rates led directly to commercial banks to create a modern inadequate.
From abroad, the development of banking business, the increasingly intensified competition in the market forces and customers is to continuously strengthen the bank to speed up the expansion of the main reasons for non-margin business. China's banking instry from the historical path of development, the historical factors strangle a certain extent, the domestic commercial banks to expand their business and the autonomy of consciousness. "Unification" of thinking, as well as the banking system more rigid domestic commercial banks used to make the government's command, the lack of response to the economic situation to customers and the market as guide, based on the formulation and implementation of their own advantages for their own development strategies of motivation and ability.
8.2 the development of intermediate business of commercial banks led to a substantial risk of financial regulation will make the existing system is facing tremendous pressure.
The financial sector at the policy orientation of business limits the room for the development of intermediary business. Most of the middle of the business belonging to banks and non-bank financial institutions operating in the field of cross-cutting, so inrong the state's macroeconomic management policies of banks, non-bank financial institutions, the limited scope of business directly determines the intermediate business of commercial banks to open up space. I started in 1993 from a banking, securities, insurance, trust the strict separation of management, the banks can not create a cross-sectoral, comprehensive, multi-faceted business intermediate procts, it is difficult to raise the level of business and level of intensive
8.3 Bank charges among the business and the lack of standardization.
In the absence of corresponding fees and charges based mechanism, the intermediary business difficult and hard to charge fees, particularly the phenomenon of table. Charges not specifically reflected in the financial institutions among the business no express provision charges. Difficult to charge in fees and charges e to lack of enforcement mechanism, financial institutions are afraid of arbitrary collection of charges the suspect.
8.4 China's banking instry has developed the "marketing model" and the "marketing habit" has severely constrained the development of intermediary business.
From foreign banks to expand business model point of view, primarily by the consumer to facilitate this, fast, safe and customer service benefits, are a typical "proct marketing." As for the domestic banking instry, the proct quality and price are often relegated to a secondary position, "relationship marketing" has become the domestic banking instry to explore the middle of the main mode of business. At present, commercial banks remain the main customer base to large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises, state-owned enterprises and property rights Fuzzy principal - agent problem makes enterprise managers pay more attention to the pursuit of personal interests, at this time the relationship between banks and their customers has become a successful proct whether or not the key. ⑦
Main References:
① Bank for International Settlements: "International Financial Market Development Report", published in 1999
② Ho five-star: "Financial Innovation in Development", Southwest University of Finance and Economics Press, 2000
③ Yang Ming-sheng: "Commercial Bank's Intermediary Business Procts practical manual." Beijing, China Financial Publishing House, 2002
④ Peter • Rose book, Liu Garden translation: "Commercial Bank Management", Beijing, Mechanical Instry Press, 2001
⑤ after lam-chun: "commercial banks intermediate innovative business risk prevention and control", containing "China's financial fortnightly" 2003
Zhang Guohai ⑥: "Commercial Bank's Intermediary Business Development Strategy in the International Comparison", in "Financial Research", 2003
⑦姚德良: "I have been the middle of the commercial business development implied by the low level of research", in "Finance and Trade Economy", 2004
⑤ 有關於商業銀行人性化服務文章的題目
接著，我一個院來一自個院的里里外外看了夠。一邊游覽，一邊聽著導游的精彩講述： 「喬家大院形如城堡，三面臨街，四周全是封閉式磚牆，高三丈有餘，上邊有掩身女兒牆和瞭望探口。大院有主樓四座，門樓、更樓、眺閣六座。各院房頂上有走道相通，用於巡更護院。縱觀全院，從外面看，威嚴高大，整齊端莊；進院里看，富麗堂皇，井然有序，顯示了我國北方封建大家庭的居住格調。整個大院，布局嚴謹，建築考究，規范而有變化，不但有整體美感，而且在局部建築上各有特色，即使是房頂上的140餘個煙囪也都各有特異。全院亭台樓閣，雕梁畫棟，堆金立粉，完全顯示了我國古代勞動人民高超的建築藝術水平，確實是不可多得的藝術珍品。」
走進喬家大院，就好像走進了一座神奇的大山，金寶內藏，光華四射，令你目不暇接。在這座神奇的藝術大山間，一會兒會看到：寓意著蔓長多子和富貴不斷頭的「一蔓千枝」的葡萄百子圖案；一會兒會看到：「和合二仙」抬著金銀進門來的送寶圖案；一會兒會看到；象徵人生福、祿、壽的三星高照圖案，一會兒又看到：「四季花卉」的鮮艷，花開富貴的姣美。
⑥ 我要一篇關於商業銀行業務方面的文章
題目 探析我國商業銀行開展投資銀行業務
摘 要： 隨著國際金融業的發展，國內對商業銀行業務發展的監管趨勢逐漸放鬆，在政策上商業銀行開展投資銀行業務成為可能，對商業銀行來說，開展投資銀行業務對其具有重大意義。本文從我國商業銀行開展投資銀行業務的重要意義出發，提出了商業銀行如何順利開展投資銀行業務的建設性建議。
[關鍵詞] 商業銀行 投資銀行 業務
2001年7月中國人民銀行頒布了《商業銀行中間業務暫行規定》，進一步明確商業銀行經央行審批後可以辦理金融衍生業務、代理證券、投資基金託管、信息咨詢、財務顧問等投資銀行業務。這使得商業銀行在現有的政策和法律框架內探索投資銀行業務擁有了巨大的實踐空間和發展空間。
一、國內商業銀行開展投資銀行業務的重大意義
1.大力拓展投資銀行業務，可以更好滿足客戶的需要
近年來，人民銀行、銀監會相繼推出信貸資產證券化、銀行間債券市場金融債券發行管理辦法、短期融資券管理辦法等資本市場改革措施，股票市場的股權分置改革也穩步推進。資本市場的改革為大型優質企業的融資提供了更加多樣化的渠道和更低的融資成本。
這種外部市場環境的變化，一方面，使得大型企業有更多的機會來發展自己，提高自身實力；另一方面，這些大型企業又需要更多和更好的金融需求，需要有實力的銀行對其給予幫助和支持。開展投資銀行業務成為商業銀行在新形勢下滿足大型優質客戶需求、搶抓市場機遇的必然選擇。
2.大力拓展投資銀行業務，是增強商業銀行競爭優勢的需要
隨著中國加入WTO過渡期的結束，我國的金融市場對外完全打開，越來越多的外資銀行進入我國市場，在方便消費者的同時，也對我國國內的商業銀行造成不小的沖擊。
隨著外資銀行的逐漸進入，商業銀行之間的競爭日趨激烈，而從事投行業務有利於增強國內商業銀行的競爭優勢，主要表現在：通過拓展投資銀行業務可以拓寬收入來源渠道，實現收入多元化，提高風險規避能力；通過對客戶提供存貸款傳統服務的同時，滿足客戶融資、並購重組、上市財務顧問等多種需求，提高銀行客戶服務水平，增強對優質客戶的綜合營銷能力；通過為企業提供財務顧問等投行業務，商業銀行可以更好地了解企業的財務和經營狀況，為商業銀行的定價、風險管理提供有效的信息等。
3.有利於實現商業銀行的業務轉型
面對利率市場化改革的深入，國內資本市場的發展，國內商業銀行需要調整其業務結構，實施業務轉型以適應外部市場環境的變化。業務轉型主要是通過大力發展零售業務和符合未來綜合經營的中間業務、增值服務，提高非利息收入佔比來實現，而投資銀行業務則是高附加值的中間業務，具有佔用資本少、風險低、收益高的特點。因此，大力發展投行業務成為當前商業銀行實現業務轉型、盈利模式轉變的重要手段。
二、我國商業銀行發展投資銀行業務的策略分析
1.平衡好商業銀行投資銀行業務和傳統業務的關系
投資銀行業務，是一項技術含量高、高附加值的業務，其直接效益體現在能夠取得顧問費等中間業務收入，形成新的收入來源；其間接效益體現在能夠促進商業銀行佔領新興市場、競爭高端客戶、營銷優質貸款、提高信貸資產質量、化解
⑦ 求一篇英文文章，關於商業銀行的就可以，字數最好是翻譯成中文有4000+的字數，急求，謝謝了！
A commercial bank (or business bank ) is a type of financial institution and intermediary . It is a bank that provides transactional , savings, and money market accounts and that accepts time deposits . [ 1 ]
Contents
1 Origin of the word
2 The role of commercial banks
3 Types of loans granted by commercial banks
4 Secured loan
4.1 Mortgage loan
5 Unsecured loan
6 References
7 Further reading
Origin of the word
The name bank derives from the Italian word banco "desk/bench", used ring the Renaissance era by Florentine bankers, who used to make their transactions above a desk covered by a green tablecloth. [ 2 ] However, traces of banking activity can be found even in ancient times.
In fact, the word traces its origins back to the Ancient Roman Empire, where moneylenders would set up their stalls in the middle of enclosed courtyards called macella on a long bench called a bancu , from which the words banco and bank are derived. As a moneychanger, the merchant at the bancu did not so much invest money as merely convert the foreign currency into the only legal tender in Rome – that of the Imperial Mint. [ 3 ]
The role of commercial banks
Commercial banks engage in the following activities:
processing of payments by way of telegraphic transfer, EFTPOS, internet banking, or other means
issuing bank drafts and bank cheques
accepting money on term deposit
lending money by overdraft, installment loan, or other means
providing documentary and standby letter of credit , guarantees, performance bonds, securities underwriting commitments and other forms of off balance sheet exposures
safekeeping of documents and other items in safe deposit boxes
sales, distribution or brokerage, with or without advice, of: insurance, unit trusts and similar financial procts as a 「financial supermarket」
cash management and treasury
merchant banking and private equity financing
traditionally, large commercial banks also underwrite bonds, and make markets in currency, interest rates, and credit-related securities, but today large commercial banks usually have an investment bank arm that is involved in the mentioned activities [ clarify ] .
Types of loans granted by commercial banks
Secured loan
A secured loan is a loan in which the borrower pledges some asset (eg a car or property) as collateral for the loan, which then becomes a secured debt owed to the creditor who gives the loan. The debt is thus secured against the collateral — in the event that the borrower defaults, the creditor takes possession of the asset used as collateral and may sell it to regain some or all of the amount originally lent to the borrower, for example, foreclosure of a home. From the creditor's perspective this is a category of debt in which a lender has been granted a portion of the bundle of rights to specified property. If the sale of the collateral does not raise enough money to pay off the debt, the creditor can often obtain a deficiency judgment against the borrower for the remaining amount. The opposite of secured debt/loan is unsecured debt, which is not connected to any specific piece of property and instead the creditor may only satisfy the debt against the borrower rather than the borrower's collateral and the borrower.
Mortgage loan
A mortgage loan is a very common type of debt instrument, used to purchase real estate. Under this arrangement, the money is used to purchase the property. Commercial banks, however, are given security - a lien on the title to the house - until the mortgage is paid off in full. If the borrower defaults on the loan, the bank would have the legal right to repossess the house and sell it, to recover sums owing to it.
In the past, commercial banks have not been greatly interested in real estate loans and have placed only a relatively small percentage of assets in mortgages. As their name implies, such financial institutions secured their earning primarily from commercial and consumer loans and left the major task of home financing to others. However, e to changes in banking laws and policies, commercial banks are increasingly active in home financing.
Changes in banking laws now allow commercial banks to make home mortgage loans on a more liberal basis than ever before. In acquiring mortgages on real estate, these institutions follow two main practices. First, some of the banks maintain active and well-organized departments whose primary function is to compete actively for real estate loans. In areas lacking specialized real estate financial institutions, these banks become the source for residential and farm mortgage loans. Second, the banks acquire mortgages by simply purchasing them from mortgage bankers or dealers.
In addition, dealer service companies, which were originally used to obtain car loans for permanent lenders such as commercial banks, wanted to broaden their activity beyond their local area. In recent years, however, such companies have concentrated on acquiring mobile home loans in volume for both commercial banks and savings and loan associations. Service companies obtain these loans from retail dealers, usually on a nonrecourse basis. Almost all bank/service company agreements contain a credit insurance policy that protects the lender if the consumer defaults.
Unsecured loan
[Unsecured Loans] are monetary loans that are not secured against the borrower's assets (ie, no collateral is involved). These may be available from financial institutions under many different guises or marketing packages:
bank overdrafts
An overdraft occurs when money is withdrawn from a bank account and the available balance goes below zero. In this situation the account is said to be "overdrawn". If there is a prior agreement with the account provider for an overdraft, and the amount overdrawn is within the authorized overdraft limit, then interest is normally charged at the agreed rate. If the POSITIVE balance exceeds the agreed terms, then additional fees may be charged and higher interest rates may apply.
corporate bonds
credit card debt
credit facilities or lines of credit
personal loans
What makes a bank limited liability company
A corporate bond is a bond issued by a corporation. It is a bond that a corporation issues to raise money in order to expand its business.[1] The term is usually applied to longer-term debt instruments, generally with a maturity date falling at least a year after their issue date. (The term "commercial paper" is sometimes used for instruments with a shorter maturity.) Sometimes, the term "corporate bonds" is used to include all bonds except those issued by governments in their own currencies. Strictly speaking, however, it only applies to those issued by corporations. The bonds of local authorities and supranational organizations do not fit in either category.[clarification needed] Corporate bonds are often listed on major exchanges (bonds there are called "listed" bonds) and ECNs like Bonds.com and MarketAxess, and the coupon (ie interest payment) is usually taxable. Sometimes this coupon can be zero with a high redemption value. However, despite being listed on exchanges, the vast majority of trading volume in corporate bonds in most developed markets takes place in decentralized, dealer-based, over-the-counter markets. Some corporate bonds have an embedded call option that allows the issuer to redeem the debt before its maturity date. Other bonds, known as convertible bonds, allow investors to convert the bond into equity. Corporate Credit spreads may alternatively be earned in exchange for default risk through the mechanism of Credit Default Swaps which give an unfunded synthetic exposure to similar risks on the same 'Reference Entities'. However, owing to quite volatile CDS 'basis' the spreads on CDS and the credit spreads on corporate bonds can be significantly different.
Assets and Liabilities of Commercial Banks in the United States
Glass-Steagall Act
Mortgage constant
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Structure of Commercial Banks
Contributor： By Anastasia Zoldak , eHow Contributing Writer
Commercial banks are also called business or consumer banks. These banks provide services to the public that consist of checking, savings and money market accounts, and other traditional banking services, such as safety deposit boxes.
History of Commercial Banks
In 1933, Congress enacted the Glass-Steagall Act in an effort to avoid another banking collapse. This law forced banks into two separate business entities, the securities business and commercial banking. As a result, security banks dealt with investment business and commercial banks provided financial services directly to businesses and consumers.
Upper Executive Management
Stockholders own commercial banks that elect a board of directors. The boards of directors are responsible for making the commercial bank profitable and creating polices to facilitate that goal.
The board selects the bank's officers, who are responsible for creating a business strategy based on the boards recommendations. The bank officers include the president, vice president, treasurer and secretary.
Executive Divisions
The bank officers appoint department managers, who head up each banking division. These divisions vary from bank to bank, but most include some form of the following: loan, credit, auditing, trust, consumer banking and business. Within each division, there are a president and various vice president.
The loan division oversees a variety of commercial loans including home mortgages and auto and personal loans.
The credit division is responsible for unsecured debt, such as credit cards.
The audit division makes sure that all government regulations and bank proceres are followed. They also oversee the internal security of the bank.
The trust division monitors legal trusts to make sure they follow government and legal guidelines. Trusts are overseen by a trustee who manages property, assets and the trust holder's requirements for the beneficiaries.
Consumer banking supports the retail division of the bank. This includes working with other executive divisions to solve banking issues and to execute policy.
The business department handles everything to do with business accounts. This includes loans, checking, savings and other business-related banking.
Retail Division
The retail division of a commercial bank interfaces with the public the most. The corner bank is a part of a retail division in a commercial bank. Retail banks are run by a bank manager, who oversees the various departments within the bank, such as business, loans and consumer banking. Each department is supported by a corresponding executive division.
The retail division helps consumers open and manage accounts, apply for loans and provide other banking services. Bank tellers are normally the first person a consumer meets when doing business with a bank.
Commercial Banking Services
Commercial banks engage in a number of banking services. They process payments, oversee installment loans, provide notary services, safe-keep items in safe deposit boxes and issue bank drafts and checks. The larger commercial banks also underwrite procts such as bonds and direct investors to their partner investment bank.
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第二篇見下面參考資料